Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

类黄酮对AM真菌侵染菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

类黄酮（hesperitin）能显著促进AM真菌[Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Acaulospora laevis（A.l）、G.i＋A.l]对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）根段的侵染,提高菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶（Succinate dehydrogenase,SDH）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase,ALP）的活性.当用15 nmol L^-1、150 nmol L^-1、1.5 μmol L^-1类黄酮处理时,第6周取样,G.i对玉米根段的侵染率分别为76.2%、84.5%、75.8%（对照为45.9%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为68.4%、75.9%、67.4%（对照为40.7%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为45.8%、51.4%、45.1%（对照为27.1%）;G.i对棉花根段的侵染率分别为85.2%、88.9%、83.8%（对照为59.8%）,菌丝SDH酶活性分别为76.8%、81.2%、75.0%（对照为53.1%）,菌丝ALP酶活性分别为51.2%、53.7%、49.4%（对照为35.2%）.同时,类黄酮能显著增加土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量,对宿主植物（玉米、棉花）的生物量也有一定的影响.     

基于分区域特征点聚类的秧苗行中心线提取

为了准确检测水稻秧苗行中心线,提出了基于分区域特征点聚类的秧苗行中心线提取方法。采用2G-R-B特征因子和Otsu法分割秧苗和背景;通过分区域统计秧苗像素点分布提取秧苗行的候选特征点,利用特征点间近邻关系对特征点进行聚类,确定秧苗行数和各秧苗行的起始点;基于秧苗成行栽植特点引入“趋势线”,利用点到该直线的距离与距离阈值作比较,筛选出远离各行趋势线的点,并将其去除;对筛选后的每一行特征点用最小二乘法进行直线拟合,获取秧苗行中心线。实验结果表明,该算法具有较强的抗噪性能,提取秧苗行中心线的准确率达95.6%,与标准Hough变换和随机Hough变换算法相比,处理一幅分辨率为320像素×237像素的彩色图像平均耗时短,能够实现水田秧苗行中心线的准确提取,可为插秧机自主行走提供可靠的导航信息。     

融合光电色选的皮带筛式油茶果壳籽分选机设计与试验

针对油茶果批量脱壳后壳籽混杂、人力分选效率低的问题,研究设计了一种融合光电色选的皮带筛式油茶果壳籽分选机。根据油茶果壳、籽与倾斜传送带间摩擦角、碰撞系数的差异,设计振动皮带筛进行初分选;利用两者灰度差异,对壳中残留籽进行二次光电分选。对皮带筛上油茶果壳、籽进行运动学与动力学分析,发现皮带倾角、皮带速度和振动频率是影响振动初分选率的主要因素;以籽箱清洁率、壳中含籽率为试验指标,开展正交旋转组合试验。当皮带倾角为19°、皮带速度为1.50m/s、振动频率为55.40Hz时,其籽箱清洁率为95.52%、壳中含籽率为24.30%,对最优参数进行试验验证,优化结果可靠。对不同茶籽比率的物料进行光电分选试验,结果表明籽箱清洁率稳定在98.23%左右,壳中含籽率保持在2.34%左右,说明光电分选可准确识别并分选出混杂物料中的油茶籽。对整机进行最优参数试验验证,该机两籽箱茶籽平均清洁率可达97.55%,壳箱中含籽率为3.27%。试验结果表明,此油茶果壳籽分选机可实现油茶果壳、籽的高效分离。     

基于粒子群算法的混联机构神经网络自适应反演控制

针对含有不匹配干扰的混联机构轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出了一种极限学习机与自适应反演控制相结合的控制策略。在对干扰进行分析的基础上,分别采用两个极限学习机网络对系统中的匹配和不匹配干扰进行逼近和补偿。基于Lyapunov函数稳定性设计了混联机构的控制律与自适应律,实现混联机构的轨迹跟踪控制。由于控制器可调参数较多,采用粒子群算法进行控制器参数的寻优整定。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方法具有良好的轨迹跟踪精度和鲁棒性。     

地源热泵稻谷干燥机板翅换热器的设计与试验

针对稻谷干燥机作业成本过高和干燥后的物料品质差的问题,将地源热泵技术应用于稻谷干燥机,设计了一套板翅式换热器加热空气,计算得出芯体结构与技术参数,以降低单位作业量成本,提高干燥后的物料品质。试验研究表明:当环境温度为环境温度16℃、空气相对湿度53.2%时,地源热泵稻谷干燥机与燃油稻谷干燥机的稻谷含水率降低速率无明显区别,稻谷干燥性能可达到同等效果;地源热泵稻谷干燥机干燥稻谷的单位作业量成本0.040 7元,而燃油稻谷干燥机干燥稻谷的单位作业量成本为0.190 5元,单位作业量成本明显降低;地源热泵稻谷干燥机的稻谷干燥不均度干燥前后降低幅度0.40%小于燃油稻谷干燥机的0.72%;地源热泵稻谷干燥机的破损率增加值0.16%,小于燃油稻谷干燥机的0.31%,地源热泵稻谷干燥机的爆腰率增加值2.0%,小于燃油稻谷干燥机的3.0%,干燥后的物料品质明显提高。     

新形势下农机化信息宣传工作的对策

多年来,农机行业媒体在农机化发展中发挥舆论引导与监督功能,有效推动了农机产品质量、作业质量、服务质量和管理水平的大幅提升。随着农机化在现代农业发展中地位的不断提升,信息宣传工作的作用越来越重要。该文针对如何在新形势下做好农机化信息宣传工作提出了对策和建议。      

我国坡耕地农业机械化发展现状

随着经济的发展,用于农业用途的平耕地逐渐减少,为保证粮食出产总量,必须寻找未开发或开发程度低的耕地,坡耕地即为这种耕地。坡耕地分布在开阔地区,也有分布在丘陵山区,本文通过分析各个地区的农机使用情况,论述坡耕地农业机械化发展现状,旨在为发展坡耕地农机化提供参考。     

均质压力对豆乳贮存过程中物性变化的影响

以豆乳为原料,通过不同均质压力处理后,将样品存放在常温(25℃)环境下,持续观测30 d,研究不同均质压力下贮存过程中豆乳的黏度、色差、丙二醛含量和蛋白稳定性的变化。发现在15～40 MPa的均质压力下,豆乳黏度无明显差别;贮存过程中,色差△E值在第20天时为8.51,感官评价消费者中不可接受,黏度和稳定性有极大差异。     

桃褐腐病菌激活蛋白对草莓幼苗防御酶酶活性的影响

激活蛋白是从多种病原真菌中分离出的一种蛋白激发子,为了解桃褐腐病菌激活蛋白对植物防御酶的诱导作用,本实验通过沸水浴、离心等方法,从桃褐腐病菌（Monilinia fructicola）菌丝体中分离出激活蛋白的粗提物,并喷雾到草莓幼苗的叶片上,测定了部分防御酶和病程相关蛋白的活性变化。结果表明：经桃褐腐病菌激活蛋白处理后,0-18h内草莓叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈曲线增高的趋势,18h达到最高值,最高值比对照增加40.7%; 0-6h内草莓叶片过氧化物酶(POD) 和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均呈急剧增高的趋势,6h达到最高值,其中POD活性比对照增加126.2%,PPO活性比对照增加62.9%。经激活蛋白处理后草莓叶片的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶活性也有增高的趋势。