鸡蛋蛋黄高密度脂蛋白结构、组成、来源及功能研究进展

鸡蛋蛋黄高密度脂蛋白(HDL)主要存在于卵黄颗粒中,是一个类似环状微胶束结构的伪球状蛋白。其来源于卵黄蛋白原,卵黄蛋白原在体内又经过一系列的结构修饰与受体识别,最终以高密度脂蛋白及卵黄高磷蛋白的形式沉积于卵黄中。高密度脂蛋白具有重要的生物学功能,除为胚胎提供必要的营养物质,还具有抗氧化性、抗菌性以及调控人体血清HDL功能等生物特性。本文主要介绍卵黄高密度脂蛋白结构、组成、来源、定位以及生物学功能,并对卵黄高密度脂蛋白研究前景进行展望。     

不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响

为改善牛奶脂肪酸构成,提高乳脂中CLA含量,研究瘤胃液、血浆和乳脂中脂肪酸的代谢规律,探寻提高乳品质的合适途径,本试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究向日粮中添加不同植物油(即葵花油、亚麻油、菜籽油,3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同)对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中CLA的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加3种不同植物油,葵花油组、亚麻油组乳脂中的CLA比例均显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05),且以葵花油组最高;乳脂中PUFA的比例则是亚麻油组显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05);(2)3组间血浆中C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),菜籽油组C18∶1的比例显著高于亚麻油组和葵花油组(P<0.05),而后两组差异不显著(P>0.05),亚麻油组和葵花油组t11-C18∶1的比例与菜籽油组间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),亚麻油组和菜籽油组中C18∶2的比例差异显著(P<0.05);(3)采食添加不同植物油日粮后,瘤胃液中各种脂肪酸动态变化的平均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。总的趋势是随着时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少。瘤胃液中CLA的比例不同时间点均较低。由本研究可知,在优化奶牛乳脂肪酸构成提高CLA含量方面,以葵花油效果最好。     

覆膜种植方式对东祁连山区苜蓿草地土壤温度和水分的影响

高寒地区耐寒苜蓿品种和适宜栽培技术的缺乏,严重阻碍着该区域旱作苜蓿和草地畜牧业的发展。于东祁连山甘肃天祝高寒牧区通过设置平膜全覆、垄沟覆膜、垄沟覆膜+覆土和垄沟（不覆膜）4种种植方式,探讨不同种植方式对苜蓿草地土壤温度和水分的影响,旨在为祁连山高寒区苜蓿的高产栽培提供理论依据。结果表明,高寒区平膜全覆种植方式的增温效果最佳,其次为垄沟覆膜、垄沟,垄沟覆膜+覆土最弱。地膜提温主要在苜蓿生长初期（5月）和生长期（6-7月）,主要集中在0~15 cm的浅层土壤。5-9月平膜全覆0~25 cm土层白天平均温度为19.83 ℃,分别比垄沟覆膜、垄沟覆膜+覆土和垄沟处理同期同层高出1.85 ℃、3.04 ℃和2.98 ℃。垄沟覆膜处理下土壤含水量最大,其土壤含水量比平膜全覆、垄沟覆膜+覆土和垄沟处理的土壤含水量高4.3%~14.5%,4.2%~13.8%和14.3%~24.8%。平膜全覆对天祝高寒区苜蓿生长在温度上的贡献最大,而垄沟覆膜在水分上的贡献最大。     

沟渠水生植物资源化利用研究

收割沟渠中的水生植物不仅每年带走大量的氮磷污染物,还可将其养分覆盖还田,循环利用,其覆盖茶园后,得出的结论如下:1)覆盖后,改良了土壤理化性状。覆盖与对照茶园相比明显增加了土壤表层(0～20 cm)有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷的含量,也增加了土壤微生物量氮、磷含量,且其土壤各养分含量均随深度的增加而递减;2)覆盖后,控制了杂草优势种群,减少了杂草种类,也降低了杂草的株高、密度和生物量;3)覆盖后,通过改善茶园的生态条件,提高了茶叶品质和产量。     

种犬公母搭配饲养的益处

在种犬饲养过程中,大家都比较重视种犬的科学饲喂、散放运动和卫生疾病等方面的情况,却很少有人从种犬的性别搭配方面来思考种犬饲养方面的问题.其实,在实际工作中种犬的公母搭配饲养对种犬饲养工作是大有益处的.     

维生素A和β-胡萝卜素在反刍动物中的应用

文中简要介绍了维生素A和β-胡萝卜素的营养生理功能,重点综述了维生素A和β-胡萝卜素对反刍动物繁殖、免疫和生产性能的影响。     

“番鸭一号”使用自产饲料与外购饲料对比试验

以自产饲料为试验组、外购饲料为对照组、广东省云浮市某“番鸭一号”养殖户为基本单元,开展饲料营养对比试验,对“番鸭一号”饲料营养标准进行研究探讨.结果表明:①“番鸭一号”应分3个阶段饲养(番小鸭料:1～18日龄;番中鸭料:19～40日龄;番大鸭料:41日龄至上市).②番中鸭料宜使用超低代谢能标准,限制长速;作为补偿,后期使用高代谢能饲料,可有效控制“斤鸭料本”.③在夏季条件下,番大鸭(项鸭)饲料粗蛋白标准设定在15％,代谢能设定在12.33 MJ/kg时,上市项鸭“斤鸭料本”“次鸭率”明显优于外购料.     

延胡索及其不同配伍镇痛作用研究

延胡索系罂粟科紫堇属多年生草本植物延胡索（Corydalia yanhusuo W．T.Wang）的块茎,《本草纲目》曰：“延胡索能行血中气滞，气中血滞,故专治一身上下诸痛,用之中的,妙不可言，盖延胡索活血化气,第一品药也”，现代药理研究证明延胡索具有较好的镇痛作用,其强度为阿片的1／100。临床上延胡索常与其它药物配伍治疗各种疼痛,血瘀气滞所致疼痛配伍川芎,阳明头痛配伍白芷,风湿痹阻配伍当归。笔者采用热板法和扭体法，观察延胡索、延胡索配伍川芎、延胡索配伍白芷、延胡索配伍当归的镇痛作用,为中医的临床用药提供实验依据。     

Changes in growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility of cherry valley ducks in response to aflatoxin B1 levels

The objective of this study was to investigate toxic effects of aflatoxin B1(AFB₁) on growth performance, organs, hepatic enzyme activities, apparent digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzyme activities in ducks. Ninety 1-day-old Cherry Valley commercial ducks were designed to three treatment groups with three replicates of ten birds each. Group I (control) was fed conventional feed free of AFB₁, group II or III was fed the diets containing 20 μg/kg or 40 μg/kg AFB₁-contaminated rice respectively. The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks. The results were that decreased body weight gain and feed intake, increased feed to gain ratio and selected organ weights (liver, kidney and pancreas) were observed in AFB₁-treated groups. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in AFB₁-contamined groups. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) was significantly lower while activities of digestive enzyme from duodenum contents including protease, chymotrypsin, trypsin and amylase were increased in AFB₁-treated group. These results indicated that AFB₁ of feed could decrease growth performance and apparent digestibility of nutrients, change digestive enzyme activities of duodenum contents in duck.     

Mitochondrial dysfunction influences apoptosis and autophagy in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro

Mitochondria are important regulators of both apoptosis and autophagy. One of the triggers for mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Recently, several studies have indicated that ROS may also be involved in the induction of autophagy. In the present study, we used H(2)O(2) to induce mitochondrial stress, examined apoptotic- and autophagic-related gene expression and observed LC3 protein (autophagosome presence marker) expression in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro. In porcine four-cell parthenotes cultured for 5 days in NCSU37 medium containing 0.4% BSA, the developmental rate and mitochondrial distribution did not differ from that of the group supplemented with 100 μM H(2)O(2) but was significantly decreased in the group supplemented with 500 μM H(2)O(2) (P<0.05). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that whereas normal shaped mitochondria were observed in blastocysts from the control group, abnormal mitochondria (mitophagy) and autophagic vacuoles were observed in blastocysts from the group that received 500 μM H(2)O(2). Furthermore, addition of H(2)O(2) (100 μM and 500 μM) decreased cell numbers (P<0.05) and increased both apoptosis (P<0.05) and LC3 protein expression in the blastocysts. Real-time RT-PCR showed that H(2)O(2) significantly decreased mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL but increased pro-apoptotic genes, Caspase 3 (Casp3) and Bak, and autophagy-related genes, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (Map1lc3b) and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2). However, the addition of H(2)O(2) had no effect on mRNA expression levels in nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial-related genes, cytochrome oxidase (Cox) 5a, Cox5b and Cox6b1, in blastocysts. These results suggest that H(2)O(2) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction that results in apoptosis and autophagy, which is possibly related to porcine early embryo development.