2018年进口奶牛检疫情况分析

随着十多年的超速发展,我国奶牛业已由单一品种的散养方式逐步转变为高产品种的规模化、集约化养殖方式。然而,我国奶牛整体遗传素质不高,多为进口高产奶牛与地方奶牛的低代次改良品种,以致原奶质量参差不齐,严重制约了我国奶业的健康发展。因此,大规模引进高品质的奶牛品种,已成为我国优化奶牛基因、推动畜牧业产业化发展的重要抓手,但同时也为检疫工作带来了挑战。本文通过分析2018年我国进口奶牛数量、来源国、疫病检出、进境口岸及隔离检疫场分布等数据,结合各来源国的疫病防控特点,有针对性地提出检疫要点,为我国全面提升进口奶牛的检疫水平、切实做好奶牛群体遗传改良计划、加快推进畜牧业转型升级提供参考。     

基于农作制分区的1985—2015年中国小麦生产时空变化

Comparing spatio-temporal variation characteristics of China’s wheat production, yield, sown area and yield-area-contribution in different farming zones in the past 30 years could help improving wheat planting layout and adjusting planting structure. Concentration index, rate of change, moving of gravity and resolution of yield-area-contribution were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes of China’s wheat production and yield-area-contribution based on county wheat production statistics including sown area, production and yield from 1985 to 2015. The wheat sown area decreased obviously in Northeast farming region, Northwest farming region and South farming region and increased rapidly in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Yangtze Plain farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, the concentration indexes of Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region reached to 20.64%, 25.77%, and 21.65% respectively in 2015. Wheat production increased significantly by more than 48 milliontons in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, and nearly 8 million tons Yangtze Plain farming region but decreased by more than 2.6 million tons in Northeast farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat production was concentrated in Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Yuxi Hill farming region. The average wheat yield continuously improved during the study period, Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Northwest farming region had the yield increase up to 103.5 kg hm ^-2 and 92.9 kg hm ^-2 each year. Wheat yield in Yuxi Hill farming region, Fenwei Basin farming region and Haihe Plain farming region was relatively high in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The yield-reduced area was mainly caused by the decreasing of sown area, while the yield-area-contribution rate was different in yield-increased area. Yield-dominant counties were reduced, area-dominant counties were increased and yield-area-dominant counties were relatively steady. In production increased area, yield-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming region, area-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Yangtze Plain farming region. Chinese wheat production was increasingly concentrated in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region which has high and rapid increase of wheat yield over the past three decades. Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region were the most concentrated areas in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region for wheat production during this period. Wheat yield and sown area jointly promoted the increase of wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat sown area was the crucial factor to increase wheat production in Yangtze Plain farming region, especially in the north of Jiangsu, Anhui province and greater part of Xinjiang.     

云南籼稻小苗机插技术研究

为了降低机插稻育秧、运秧劳动强度,在云南籼稻地区探索籼稻小苗机插技术。以吉优716为材料,设置160 g/盘（T1 ）和180 g/盘（T2）2个播种量处理,秧龄9 d,每667 m²大田用秧6盘。以常规播种量70 g/盘,15 d秧龄,每667 m²用秧15盘为对照,比较分析了不同处理间秧苗素质、栽插质量、茎蘖动态和产量的差异。结果表明,虽然密播小苗处理秧苗素质不如对照,并且缺丛率较高,但每丛基本苗数、各时期的茎蘖数和有效穗数均显著高于对照,最终产量均高于对照。较高的有效穗数是机插密播小苗技术增产的主要原因。其中,T1处理用种量比对照减少了8.57%,秧盘数比对照减少60%,但产量比对照增加了9.0%,节本增效的效果明显,具有较大的推广潜力。     

社群丰容对圈养小熊猫区域分配的影响

为探索社群丰容对重庆动物园圈养小熊猫行为区域分配的影响,2014年1月—2015年2月,用目标动物取样法对比观察春季、夏季、秋季、冬季社群丰容前后圈养小熊猫区域分配。结果表明:社群丰容增加了小熊猫对栖架、树上的利用,减少了内室和裸露地面和近游客区域的利用。树上利用的最大占比值在夏季,丰容增加了11.1%;栖架的利用最大占比值在春季,丰容增加了2.8%;冬季对内室的利用占比值最高,丰容后,其利用占比减少了8.4%,从而相应增加了小熊猫户外停留时间;丰容后,小熊猫对裸露地面的最大利用占比值减少了3.7%,近游客区域最大占比值减少了5.6%。小熊猫对六大区域的最高利用占比,丰容前后没有变化,最高为树上,最少为裸露地面。     

1961—2010年东北农作区春小麦需水量的时空变化特征

利用东北农作区58个气象站点1961—2010年的逐日气象数据,基于Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water(SIMETAW)模型分析气候变化背景下东北农作区春小麦生育期内作物需水量(Crop evapotranspiration,ETc)和灌溉需要量(Evapotranspiration of applied water,ETaw),以及典型站点春小麦的灌溉需求指数(Irrigation demand index,IDI)的时空变化特征。结果表明:近50年来,东北农作区日平均温度呈显著上升趋势,平均降水量下降趋势不明显,平均太阳辐射及作物蒸散量呈显著下降趋势。春小麦生育期作物需水量和灌溉需要量呈下降趋势,其分布均表现为西多东少。50年来春小麦作物生育期需水量下降主要集中于松辽及兴安岭南部地区,东部地区变化趋势不明显;生育期灌溉需要量下降集中于松辽及兴安岭地区,三江平原地区略有增加,长白山地区多年保持平稳。     

奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9切削过程的有限元切削模拟

为研究不锈钢切削加工特性,采用有限元软件Deform-2D构建0Cr18Ni9(美国牌号AISI 304)奥氏体不锈钢的正交切削仿真模型,并对其进行二维有限元仿真。模拟分析中,利用Johnson-Cook本构模型确立工件材料模型,刀屑界面摩擦采用剪切摩擦,运用CrockroftLatham断裂准则来完成工件材料的断裂及锯齿状切屑的实现。通过改变刀具前角、切削速度以及进给量,考察其在切削加工过程中对切削温度、切削力及锯齿化程度等影响规律。该结果将为今后研究不锈钢的切削加工及其切削机理提供参考依据。     

新型国产白油佐剂与进口Marcol-52白油佐剂配制疫苗的比较试验

The Newcastle disease inactivated vaccines were prepared with oil adjuvants respectively from domestic and import.The experiments were done in order to compare the new domestic oil and Marcol-52 according to a series of testing indexes. The results showed that the quality of the new domestic oil was better than Marcol-52, except the absorptive quality.     

参麦与黄芪注射液联用治疗卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎

为研究参麦与黄芪注射液联用对大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的治疗效果,以地塞米松连续肌肉注射Wistar大鼠6周,建立PCP大鼠模型,用参麦与黄芪注射液皮下注射治疗患病大鼠,同时设复方磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ-TMP)治疗对照组和PCP模型阳性对照组。通过各组大鼠基本情况变化、肺组织印片检查包囊、肺组织病理切片染色观察组织变化,探讨其治疗效果。结果发现,参麦与黄芪注射液联用治疗后,大鼠饮食、饮水增加,活跃程度恢复,体重不同程度增加,肺印片Pc包囊数量比治疗前明显减少,肺组织炎症反应减轻,高剂量组治疗效果接近复方磺胺甲恶唑组。研究结果表明,参麦与黄芪注射液对肺孢子虫有明显的治疗作用。     

表达鸡α干扰素重组酿酒酵母菌的构建与鉴定

通过构建鸡α干扰素真核表达载体,以获得能够表达鸡α干扰素的酵母工程菌株。首先根据GenBank公布的鸡α干扰素基因序列设计上、下游引物,以略阳乌鸡基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增鸡α干扰素基因片段。然后,利用基因重组技术将鸡α-干扰素基因插入真核表达载体,通过菌落PCR和DNA测序确定目标载体,构建成功后转化至酿酒酵母AH109,再通过营养缺陷培养、质粒提取和PCR鉴定带JMB440-ChIFN-α载体的重组酵母菌株。最终通过酵母培养、总蛋白收集、SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blot等,确定鸡α干扰素基因能够与酵母菌株重组,并表达α干扰素,蛋白条带大小约为23ku,与预期结果一致,表明成功构建了表达鸡干扰素基因的工程酵母菌株。