滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究

确定苏北沿海滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤饱和导水率的影响因素,构建适合该区的土壤转换函数,是研究该区田间土壤水盐运动和盐渍化防控的重要前提。本文在该区典型地块实测土壤饱和导水率和相关土壤基本理化性质,探讨了该区土壤饱和导水率的剖面分布特点,对影响饱和导水率的土壤基本性质进行了主成分分析,并建立了用于该区饱和导水率间接估算的土壤转换函数。结果表明:滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率随剖面深度增加呈表土层高、亚表层低、底土层又升高的趋势,20~40 cm土层饱和导水率最小,介于2.75~6.73 cm·d-1,属低透水强度;土壤容重随剖面深度增加表现出与饱和导水率相反的变化特点。除了容重、孔隙度、质地等物理因素外,土壤肥力、盐分等化学性质也是影响饱和导水率的重要因素;影响滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的因素可由持水特性、盐碱状况、养分特征和土壤质地4个主成分反映,其累计贡献率达78.17%。在Vereecken转换函数中引入土壤盐分后可提高预测精度,修正函数Vereecken_1是最适合滩涂围垦农区土壤、具有最佳预测精度的转换函数。本文构建的土壤转换函数,可通过较易获得的砂粒、黏粒、容重、盐分和有机质对耕层土壤饱和导水率进行较高精度的预测,其结果可为滩涂盐渍化农区田间尺度土壤饱和导水率间接估算以及水盐运动数值模拟提供支持。     

蚓激酶基因乳腺表达载体构建及在牛乳腺中的瞬时表达

在稀有密码子的改造基础上,人工合成了849 bp的蚓激酶F-Ⅲ-1全长cDNA序列,并以其为目的基因,构建了以山羊β-酪蛋白启动子为上游调控序列的乳腺组织特异性表达载体pBLK和pLN-bCP-LK。2种质粒分别以200,500,1 000,2 000μg的剂量梯度注入泌乳期黑白花奶牛乳腺,以纤维蛋白平板溶圈法(FAPA)检测该基因表达后奶样的纤溶活性。结果表明:注射后3~78 h,奶样有明显纤溶活性,其中6~16 h活性最高。500μg pBLK质粒与其他3个剂量溶圈直径之间差异显著(P<0.05),而其他3个剂量之间差异不显著;pLN-bCP-LK质粒的各剂量溶圈直径之间差异均不显著,且2种质粒的同剂量溶圈直径之间差异也不显著。以上结果表明,改造后的蚓激酶基因可以在泌乳期黑白花奶牛乳腺中实现瞬时表达,以500μg的注射剂量表达效果最佳。     

留茬覆盖免耕条件下土壤休闲期节水效应研究

在河西内陆河灌区将储水灌溉和留茬覆盖免耕技术相结合,经2003~2004年度和2004~2005年度的试验研究表明:留茬覆盖免耕在夏季休闲期比常规耕作和秸秆还田土壤分别多贮水18.09 mm、13.54 mm和12.06 mm、17.06 mm;冬季休闲期具有明显的抑蒸保墒效应,抑制蒸发率随储水定额的增加出现先增后减的变化趋势,在储水定额为975 m3.hm-2时达到最大,分别为38.1%和33.4%,在储水定额为2100 m3.hm-2时减少到7.3%和6.6%,结合播前土壤水分,初步确定储水定额为975 m3.hm-2时为宜。     

建设节水型农业的技术思路

目前,水资源短缺的问题已经成为制约我国经济社会发展的瓶颈.农业是用水大户而且用水浪费相当严重,因而建设节水型农业是解决水资源问题的当务之急.为此,就实现节水型农业提出了提高渠系水利用系数、采用节水灌溉方式和适宜的灌溉模式等技术思路.     

不同品种与耕作方式及补充灌溉等农艺技术组合对春小麦产量的影响

通过6a的试验，分别研究了在一般干旱年份（年降雨量超过360mm）和较严重干旱年份（降雨量低于360mm），小麦品种（79121-15与定西24）、耕作方式（垄作与平作）及补充灌溉等农艺技术组合对产量的影响。在一般干旱年份，79121—15的产量比定西24的高，并且它们的产量在垄作种植下比平作种植下有显著提高。在严重干旱年份，定西24的产量比79121-15高。无论在一般干旱年份还是严重干旱年份，补充灌溉能够显著提高小麦产量。通过不同品种与耕种方式，以及补充灌溉等农艺技术的组合，可以显著提高小麦产量。在一般干旱年份，组合品种、垄作和补充灌溉等技术措施，79121-15对产量的贡献率与定西24的相比较被提高了7．3％～9．9％。垄作较平作对产量的贡献率提高了9．3％～13．3％。补充灌溉对产量贡献率提高了17．7％～30．0％。但是，在严重干旱年份，组合品种、垄作和补充灌溉的情况下，补充灌溉提高小麦产量25．1％～35．5％，垄作和品种可适度提高小麦产量。     

低盐和高盐环境下刺参选育品系生长与摄食性能研究

为评价刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耐盐品系选育效果,以G4、G5代刺参耐盐选育品系为研究对象,研究了其在低盐度和高盐度环境下的生长、摄食和消化生理的变化.结果显示,30 d实验期间,G4代和G5代2种规格选育刺参在不同盐度环境中的生长情况相似,在低盐环境中的末体重随着实验盐度的降低而下降,在高盐...     

温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是新近入侵我国的重大农业害虫,为了弄清其入侵生物学特性,为草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及综合治理提供理论依据,本研究在光照培养箱内设置6个温度(17、22、27、32、37、42℃)饲养草地贪夜蛾,测定其不同阶段的存活率、发育历期、体重及繁殖力等,探究温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在42℃条件下仅能短暂存活,在17～32℃范围内可正常生长发育,其幼虫期、蛹期及世代历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,17℃条件下世代历期和幼虫期分别为(58.73±1.46)d和(21.79±1.03)d,37℃条件下则分别仅为(22.57±0.84)d和(11.12±0.31)d。成虫寿命在17～27℃范围内差异不大,之后随温度升高而缩短,37℃下成虫寿命仅为27℃下的1/4左右,且在该温度下成虫无法正常羽化,雌成虫不产卵。17～32℃下雌成虫产卵前期随温度的升高而缩短,产卵期则随温度升高而有所延长,平均单雌产卵量在27℃下最高,为(565.50±143.40)粒。说明温度升高会导致草地贪夜蛾发育历期缩短,年发生世代数增加,幼虫取食量增大,对作物的为害加重。     

PRRSV山西株ORF5和Nsp2基因序列分析

采用RT-PCR方法对2009—2011年山西省分离的5株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）的ORF5和Nsp2（2503～3269nt）基因进行克隆和测序,并对其基因序列和推导的氨基酸序列与国内外毒株进行了同源性分析。序列分析结果显示,5株分离株Nsp2基因与国内分离的PRRSV变异株（JXA1、HuN、HUN4、HUB1）的序列同源性最高,为96．8％～98．2％,且缺失位置一致,均存在2个位点30个氨基酸缺失;ORF5基因大小为603bp,编码200个氨基酸,第13、151位均为具有强毒特性的精氨酸（R）,137位为丝氨酸（S）,表明这5株均为野毒株,与国内分离的PRRSV变异株（JXA1、HuN、HUN4、HUB1）毒株的序列同源性最高,为96．5％～98．0％。结果表明,山西省内目前流行的PRRSV为Nsp2缺失30个氨基酸的变异毒株。     

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.     

夏县耕地质量状况与番茄标准化生产的对策研究

针对夏县耕地质量状况的特点,分析了在这一地区番茄生产中存在的问题,并提出了实施标准化生产的对策。