早实核桃实生后代部分性状的遗传变异

以济宁和泰安两试验区早实核桃实生后代为研究试材,对树体形态、果实及其主要营养成分等部分表型性状的遗传变异进行了调查。结果表明：（1）早实核桃实生后代的树高、冠径、干周及结果枝长度的变异系数均在15%以上,而结果枝粗度的变异系数两地分别为10.34%和6.47%;（2）参试样品青果和坚果果实形状主要为圆形和长圆形,坚果的颜色有褐色、浅褐色和浅黄色,核仁的颜色有黄褐色和褐色,果实纵径、横径、果形指数的变异系数均在12%以下,而青果和坚果的平均单果质量、坚果的壳厚及出仁率变异系数大都高于15%,其中坚果壳厚的变异系数高达30.73%;（3）坚果核仁的脂肪、蛋白质、脂肪酸等的变异系数均在10%以下,其中脂肪酸的变异系数两地分别为0.55%和0.31%;（4）根据树体性状、果实性状及单株坐果数的测定结果,初步筛选出了丰产稳产型、大果型、薄壳型及矮化型等4个优良单株。根据以上研究结果,提出两点建议：一是对现有实生核桃园进行实生选种与实生核桃园改造,二是对未来新建实生核桃园必须建立规范的采种园,严格控制种源,保证种子的遗传品质。     

微酸性电解水对苹果连作土壤环境的影响

以平邑甜茶幼苗（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了连作土壤浇灌微酸性（pH 6.0）电解水对土壤环境和平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,连作土壤中浇入微酸性电解水能够显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量,与连作土对照相比,幼苗根长度、根表面积、根体积和根系呼吸耗氧速率分别提高了47.03%、141.79%、101.31%和37.31%,连作土壤中真菌数量降幅达48.1%,细菌/真菌比值增加120%;应用T-RFLP技术分析了连作土壤真菌的群落结构,并采用多样性指数分析、聚类分析和主成分分析,发现微酸性电解水处理的土壤真菌群落具有最高的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和最低的优势度指数,而连作土壤的真菌群落具有最高的优势度指数和最低的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数。微酸性电解水处理后,土壤真菌构成一个独立的群落结构,这些群落能够适应电解水处理后的土壤环境并成为环境的优势群落。微酸性电解水可减轻苹果连作障碍。     

苹果周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶亚基基因MdCKS表达载体的构建

根据GenBank上与周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶基因相关序列,从苹果MdCKS基因编码区设计带有XbaI和SalI酶切位点的引物。以富士MdCKS基因的eDNA为模板将PCR扩增片段连接到pMD18-TSim-pieVector上,测序正确后,再连接到植物表达载体pBII21上,经过抗性筛选和测序验证,成功构建了MdCKS基因表达载体。并通过电击转化法导入农杆菌LBA4404,以备将来用于番茄转化。     

Replanting Affects the Tree Growth and Fruit Quality of Gala Apple

Apple replant disease（ARD） causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured： yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components,（E）-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, signi     

苹果液泡膜葡萄糖转运蛋白基因MdVGT1的克隆与表达分析

【目的】研究新疆红肉苹果杂种一代优系‘红脆1号’液泡膜葡萄糖转运蛋白基因MdVGT1生物学信息、表达水平及其在糖代谢中的功能,旨在为进一步完善功能型苹果育种的理论与技术体系提供参考。【方法】以新疆红肉苹果杂种一代优系‘红脆1号’为试材,克隆MdVGT1,对其进行生物信息学分析;并采用荧光定量PCR分析该基因在不同组织及不同发育时期的表达,分析‘嘎啦’组培苗中该基因在葡萄糖诱导下的表达,通过酵母双杂交验证其互作关系,并通过原核诱导获得重组蛋白。【结果】在‘红脆1号’中克隆获得MdVGT1全长,测序发现其包含1 506 bp完整的开放阅读框,编码501个氨基酸,预测其编码蛋白质分子量为53.16 kD,等电点为5.92,定位于苹果基因组的1号染色体上,由14个外显子和13个内含子构成;糖代谢相关基因系统进化树分析表明,MdVGT1与AtVGT1、VvVGT1、CsVGT1在同一个进化枝上,功能域分析表明,MdVGT1蛋白含有12个跨膜区域;MdVGT1在苹果的花、叶和幼果中均有较高的表达,在果实发育中,其表达量与葡萄糖含量有显著的相关性;MdVGT1启动子含有与抗逆、糖信号及激素信号相关的顺式作用元件;葡萄糖处理‘嘎啦’组培苗一周后,MdVGT1的表达量明显提高;酵母双杂交试验表明,MdVGT1与MdTMT1在体外能相互作用,并通过原核诱导获得了MdVGT1的重组蛋白。【结论】在‘红脆1号’苹果中克隆获得了液泡膜葡萄糖转运蛋白基因MdVGT1,其可能与MdTMT1互作共同转运葡萄糖进入液泡膜。     

一种电子地形图自动几何校正方法及实现

[目的]提出一种地形图自动几何校正的方法,并通过编程实现这一方法,提高工作效率和几何校正的精度.[方法]提出一种二次模板匹配的方法来实现电子地形图的自动校正,并结合opencv2.4.9、Envi4.8,在visual studio 2010开发环境下,使用C++语言编程实现这一过程,二次模板匹配的方法是:第一次是选用整个图像中特征最明显的外图廓四角匹配,确定一个感兴趣区,在这个区域中,再使用十字丝模板匹配,因为这个区域内只有一个十字交叉点,即已知经纬度的图廓点,所以匹配准确率可以达到100;的准确率.[结果]以二次模板匹配为核心算法,通过编程开发的软件处理扫描地形图,全程只需要打开待校正地形图图像,运行自动校正程序,最终会获得具有地理编码的几何校正后的GEOTIFF格式的文件.通过自动几何校正软件的实例运行,发现通过这一方法处理获得结果具有很高的精度.[结论]应用二次图像匹配的算法并编程实现的地形图几何校正方法,可以全自动完成地形图图像几何校正,完全可以代替传统手工操作,不仅精度可以满足工作需求,而且很容易编程实现业务化的运行软件.     

野生樱桃李实生后代果实性状变异分析及优异种质挖掘

 以定植在山东青岛胶州的新疆野生樱桃李（Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.）2.8 万株实生苗及其35个随机实生株系成熟果实为试材,进行了实生后代性状变异及优异种质挖掘的初步研究,旨在为野生樱桃李资源保护与利用提供基本资料。研究结果表明：①除果形指数及Mg 含量之外,单果质量等果实形态性状、果皮花青素、果肉可溶性固形物、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、苹果酸、草酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸及Ca、Fe、Zn 等矿质元素含量存在较丰富的变异,变异系数均在10%以上,其中单果质量变异幅度2.62 ~22.66 g,变异系数高达70.10%,进一步选择的潜力很大;②依据单果质量、自然坐果率及树姿等特性,在定植成活的2.8 万株实生苗群体中选育出了41 个优良单株,进一步挖掘出了单果质量在11 g 以上、果肉可溶性固形物含量在12%以上的大果型、高糖型及高酸型等优异种质7 份。     

整合农艺性状和分子标记数据构建新疆野苹果核心种质

AIM: To explore the effect of traditional Chinese medicine Qiliqiangxin on cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model. METHODS: MI was induced in rats by ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. The survivors were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation group, MI group and Qiliqiangxin treatment group (4 g穔g^-1穌^-1). After 28 days, the infarction size was measured. Apoptotic index (AI) was determined by TUNEL. The expression of Fas was detected by the method of immunohistochemistry in non-infarcted zones (NIZ), and the expression of xanthine oxidase (XO) and caspase-3 in myocardial tissue from NIZ was detected by Western blotting. In addition, XO activity, and O₂ ^-? and OH? scavenging activity of myocardial tissues in the NIZ were measured by colorimetry. RESULTS: Compared with MI group, AI and the expression of Fas and caspase-3 in the NIZ were significantly depressed in Qiliqiangxin treatment group. Moreover, the activity of XO was significantly decreased while O₂ ^-? and OH穝cavenging activity was significantly increased in Qiliqiangxin treatment group. Ventricular remodeling was attenuated. No significant difference in infarct size and XO expression level between Qiliqiangxin treatment group and MI group was observed. CONCLUSION: Qiliqiangxin may inhibit apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in the NIZ of rats by reducing reactive oxygen species and depressing the expression of Fas and caspase-3.     

苹果光敏色素作用因子基因PIF 的克隆和分析

 以短枝型苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.）为试材,采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,克隆获得一个光敏色素作用因子（PIF）基因,命名为MdPIF。该基因编码区共2 142 bp,推测其编码713个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,在其C端具有保守氨基酸结构域bHLH,N端具有光敏色素结合域APB,与其它植物光敏色素结合因子有很高的同源性。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,在花后20 ~ 110 d,MdPIF在短枝型和非短枝型苹果枝条均能表达,同一生长时期,短枝型苹果枝条的表达量显著低于非短枝型,说明苹果短枝性状可能与MdPIF的差异表达有关。MdPIF在叶片、枝条、花瓣、果实和芽中均能表达,在不同器官中的表达量存在明显差异,在枝条中相对表达量最高,推测其可能主要调控苹果枝条的伸长。     

放牧对蒿类荒漠草地植物群落和土壤理化性质的影响

通过对不同放牧梯度下蒿类荒漠草地地上植物的高度、盖度、密度和生物量及地下土壤容重、全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质等指标的测定和分析,旨在为此类草地恢复和合理放牧制度的确立提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)不同放牧梯度下放牧后的草地植物的地上生物量下降十分为明显,放牧前、适度放牧后及重度放牧后分别为:161.98,105.11和73.17g/m~2,草地植物生物量在不同牧压间的变化差异极显著(P0.01);(2)适度放牧下,0~10、10~20及20~30cm的土壤容重在放牧前后均差异不显著(P0.05)。重度放牧下,10~20cm土壤容重放牧后比放牧前增加,差异显著(P0.05);(3)10~20和20~30cm土层,全钾在适度放牧后和重度放牧后均表现为增加、有机质均有所减少,其放牧前后均差异显著(P0.05)。