预报微生物学及其在食品货架期预测领域的研究进展

预报微生物学研究食品腐败的过程和腐败优势细菌的消长变化情况 ,该领域获得的数值信息为食品货架期监测预报系统的开发打下了坚实的基础。为了准确预报产品的货架期 ,必须考虑整个食品微生态系统。本文略述了与食品腐败相关的微生物学研究 ,并引入了特定腐败菌的概念。在此基础上 ,讨论了预报微生物学在食品货架期预测领域面临的挑战和研究进展 ,并以腐败假单胞菌为例 ,简要介绍了预报模型的建立步骤和货架期预报系统的开发过程。     

荣成俚岛人工鱼礁建设项目Ⅱ．人工鱼礁养护生物资源效果的评价

于2006年6月和2007年6月在荣成俚岛开展人工鱼礁投放前海域本底调查和投放后效果调查,分析比较了鱼礁区游泳动物、大型底栖动物的种类组成、生物多样性、种类丰度、CPUE和海藻等在人工鱼礁投放前后的变化。调查结果表明：人工鱼礁投放后,游泳动物和大型底栖动物种类总数、种类多样性指数和丰度均有所增加,分别是投礁前的1．78倍和1．32倍、1．47倍和1．22倍、1．68倍和1．62倍。游泳动物CPUE比投礁前增加1．39倍左右,其中鱼类的CPUE增加最多,尤其是大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲇等岩礁性鱼类,分别是投礁前的2．18倍和5．67倍。大型底栖动物种类有所增加,但CPUE略有减少。礁体上附着生长了马尾藻和海带等藻类。综合分析认为,人工鱼礁对游泳动物和大型底栖动物聚集和养护效果显著,鱼礁的投放也有利于海藻的附着、生长和藻场的恢复。     

凡纳滨对虾28.5D血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段,本研究以凡纳滨对虾旺itopenaeus vannamei）为研究对象,采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现,对虾感染副溶血弧菌（Hbrio parahaemolyticus）12h后,血清中新增一种28．5kD的蛋白（命名为p28．5）。经MALDI-TOF／MS分析,其与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白75kD亚基具有高度同源性。进一步研究显示,p28．5蛋白不仅可与抗血蓝蛋白抗体发生特异性结合,而且还与对虾抗感染能力呈正相关。由此推测,p28．5蛋白应该是对虾感染病原菌后产生的一种28．5kD血蓝蛋白降解新片段,其可能是血蓝蛋白发挥免疫学功能的一种新方式的产物。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：425-430]     

Effect of dietary vitamin B6 supplementation on growth and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

In order to investigate the dietary vitamin B₆ (VB₆) requirement for juvenile golden pompano, an experiment of six different diets with six dietary VB₆ levels (0, 3.75, 7.47, 10.6, 13.7 and 18.5 mg/kg) was conducted. The results indicated that the content of dietary VB₆ significantly increased weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; p < 0.05). Golden pompano fed diet containing 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ achieved the maximum ALT, AST, GPx, hepatic VB₆ concentrations as well as the minimum MDA, however, the ALT, AST, GPx and hepatic VB₆ concentrations decreased while MDA increased with a further increase in dieatry VB₆. The highest values of GR and POD occurred at the 10.6 and 13.7 mg/kg dietary VB₆ (p < 0.05) respectively. A diet supplemented with 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ increased intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, Chymotrypsin, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase and amylase activities (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes decreased while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes improved with an increase in dietary VB₆ levels up to 7.47 mg/kg. Quadratic regression analysis on WGR, hepatic VB₆ concentrations, AST and ALT indicated that the optimum dietary VB₆ levels for juvenile golden pompano were 8.84–9.28 mg/kg.     

Effects of water temperatures and dietary protein levels on growth,body composition and blood biochemistry of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively.     

白甲鱼、大鳍鳠和斑鳜肾的比较组织学研究

白甲鱼、大鳍鳠和斑鳜肾的比较组织学研究钟明超（中山大学，广州５１０２７５）关键词肾，组织学，白甲鱼，大鳍　，斑鳜ＣＯＭＰＡＲＡＴＩＶＥＡＮＤＨＩＳＴＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＫＩＤＮＥＹＳＯＦＶＡＲＩＣＯＲＨＩＮＵＳＳＩＮＵＳ，ＭＹＳＴ...     

Development of Gene‐derived SNP Markers and Their Application for the Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Wild and Cultured Populations in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The Apostichopus japonicus is a valuable aquaculture species in China. In this study, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from expressed sequence tags of sea cucumber using high‐resolution melting. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.2462 and 0.2897, respectively. Thirty‐two of these loci were used for estimating the genetic similarity and variation between the five hatchery stocks from China and two wild stocks from Japan. No significant differences in Ho or He were observed between the wild and hatchery populations. The pairwise Fst (which ranged from 0.0119 to 0.0236) and the genetic identity (which varied from 0.9802 to 0.9915) showed no significant differentiation between the wild and cultured stocks. The analysis of molecular variance indicated the source of variation was at the level of “within the populations.” The information on the genetic variation and differentiation in cultured and wild populations of A. japonicus obtained in this study is useful for setting up suitable guidelines for founding and maintaining of cultured stocks and for future genetic improvement by selective breeding.     

大黄鱼冷藏过程中的鲜度变化

研究了大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)贮藏于0℃(冰藏)、3℃、7℃和10℃过程中,在感官、化学和微生物品质方面的变化特性,并对其货架期进行分析,探讨了菌落总数、嗜冷菌、假单胞菌、产H2S菌、TVBN和TMA与感官评价的一致程度.结果表明,大黄鱼是海水鱼中鲜度下降较慢的种类,在O℃、3℃、7℃、10℃的贮藏过程中,大黄鱼的高品质期分别为330 h、208 h、114 h和87 h,货架期分别为523 h、368 h、197 h和150 h.各温度高品质期终点和货架期终点时菌落总数(CFU)/g的对数平均值分别为6.10±0.30和6.67±0.35,产H2S菌数(CFU/g)的对数平均值分别为5.82±0.33和6.37±0.22,TVBN均值分别为(14.77±0.5)mg/(100 g)和(28.02±1.19)mg/(100 g);TMA均值分别为(2.55+0.62)mg/(100 g)和(9.84±1.28)mg/(100 g),各温度下高品质期终点和货架期终点时各指标均值均无显著差异(P>0.05),表明菌落总数、产H2S菌数和TVBN值作为大黄鱼低温贮藏的鲜度指标与感官鲜度评价有较好的一致性.     

Encoding electronic properties by synthesis of axial modulation-doped silicon nanowires

We describe the successful synthesis of modulation-doped silicon nanowires by achieving pure axial elongation without radial overcoating during the growth process. Scanning gate microscopy shows that the key properties of the modulated structures-including the number, size, and period of the differentially doped regions-are defined in a controllable manner during synthesis, and moreover, that feature sizes to less than 50 nanometers are possible. Electronic devices fabricated with designed modulation-doped nanowire structures demonstrate their potential for lithography-independent address decoders and tunable, coupled quantum dots in which changes in electronic properties are encoded by synthesis rather than created by conventional lithography-based techniques.     

增施磷钾对马铃薯提质增产的效果

在马铃薯生长发育过程矿质元素通过参与促进同化物的合成、转运和分配,对马铃薯生长发育及产量形成有重要作用[1].同薯8号每生产Ⅰ t鲜薯吸收N、P、K分别为4.38 kg、0.79 kg、6.55 kg,其中以钾吸收量最大[2].丽水市是浙江省马铃薯主产区之一,马铃薯栽培有良好的基础.但在当地农业生产中由于偏施氮肥,磷、钾肥施用量少,至使土壤中氮、磷、钾比例失调,制约了马铃薯生产.本试验通过对马铃薯高产施肥措施的研究,为马铃薯栽培合理施肥提供依据.