小麦磷效率相关性状配合力与环境互作分析

为了研究小麦磷效率相关性状的配合力与环境互作,随机选用8个亲本,组配成28个双列杂 交组合在两种环境条件下进行试验。结果表明,所有4个性状的一般配合力与环境互作和特殊配合 力与环境互作均达极显著水平;子粒全磷含量以环境效应的作用最大,非加性效应与环境互作次之; 叶片和茎秆磷含量以及磷素利用效率以非加性效应与环境互作为主,非加性效应次之;除子粒全磷 含量外,其它3个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力稳定性都较低,在50％以下。最后讨论了配合力的 测度和不同器官磷含量与磷素利用效率的关系。     

辽宁省近53年冬季气温变化特征分析

为准确预测辽宁冬季气候,进而达到对冬季设施农业等方面服务的目的,根据辽宁省53个气象观测站1961—2014年逐月的平均气温资料,利用滑动T检验方法、Mann-Kendall检验方法、最大熵谱方法以及Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了1961—2013年辽宁省冬季平均气温的变化特征。结果表明：近53年辽宁省冬季平均气温时间序列呈显著的线性递增趋势,与全球气候变暖趋势相一致。但值得注意的是,近几年辽宁出现了气温偏低的情况;辽宁省冬季平均气温在1985—1986年前后发生了1次明显突变,之前气温以偏低为主,之后开始显著增温。辽宁省冬季平均气温的主要周期为准3~5年周期和17年周期。采用新资料得到的辽宁冬季气温变化特征与采用旧资料的情况略有差异。     

以科学的视角揭开作物转基因的神秘面纱

转基因技术是近现代农业史上发展最为迅猛的作物遗传改良技术。1996年首例转基因作物开展商业化种植,截至2016年转基因作物种植面积已呈百倍增加。人们从转基因作物的大面积推广应用中获得了巨大的经济效益与社会效益。目前转基因在我国被"妖魔化",甚至出现"谈转基因色变"的局面。为使公众对转基因有科学全面的认识,对转基因的基本概念、国内外发展现状、安全性评价等内容进行了阐述,同时展望了转基因作物在我国产业化的发展趋势。     

Construction of chromosomal segment substitution lines and genetic dissection of introgressed segments associated with yield determination in the parents of a super‐hybrid rice

Heterosis is a phenomenon whereby hybrids of inbred lines produce favourable phenotypes that exceed those of their parents. Traits of interest are higher yield and stronger stress tolerance. The two‐line super‐hybrid rice ‘Liangyoupei9’ (LYP9) shows superiority to both its elite inbred line ‘93‐11’ and ‘Pei'ai64s’ (‘PA64s’) parents and conventional hybrids. However, the genetic basis of its hybrid vigour, especially yield determination, remains elusive. In the present study, a set of 156 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) carrying overlapping segments from ‘PA64s’ in a genetic background of ‘93‐11’ were constructed and planted in six environments. Three major agronomic traits, viz. panicle length (PL), heading date (HD) and plant height (PH), and five yield‐related traits, viz. grain weight per panicle (GWP), number of grains per panicle (GPP), 1000‐grain weight (TGW), seed set (SS) and number of panicles of per plant (PPP), were evaluated over 3 years. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted using a likelihood ratio test based on stepwise regression. Forty‐six putative QTL distributed on 11 chromosomes were detected in more than one year. Remarkably, GWP of four CSSLs carrying positive yield QTL outperformed the recurrent parent ‘93‐11’ by more than 15%, in at least two environments. These results indicate that CSSLs are effective in identifying yield‐associated traits, and lines harbouring such QTL will be rich in resources for future molecular breeding programmes.     

Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.     

6个双低油菜品系饲用性能比较及农艺性状、营养成分动态变化

为筛选适宜川东北地区种植的饲用油菜新品种,以6个双低油菜新品系为试验材料,对不同刈割时期的生物产量、植物学特性、营养成分,及油菜农艺性状与营养品质动态变化进行测定,并对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：(1)初花期进行第1次刈割,各品系具较好再生性,整个生长季可实现2次刈割,刈割间隔为 35～37 天;2 次刈割时鲜草产量分别为 43.24～50.89、13.94～20.03 t/hm²,年鲜草产量为 57.40～70.46 t/hm²,年干草产量为 6.11～7.28 t/hm²,其中,‘中绵油 783’鲜草产量最高,为 70.46 t/hm²,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系。(2)初次刈割时各品系农艺性状存在显著差异,‘南油 714’株高显著高于(P<0.05)其他品系,达 162.11 cm;‘中绵油 783’叶片数最多,为 19.11 片;‘南油 658’茎叶比最低,为 0.91。(3)第1次刈割时‘南油12’粗蛋白含量为15.64%,显著高于(P<0.05)其他参试品系;...     

控制水稻品种Koshihikari抽穗期的数量性状位点

利用Koshihikari × Kasalath BILs群体及相应的Kasalath/Koshihikari CSSLs群体,在江苏南京和海南陵水两个环境下对抽穗期的QTL定位分析。结果表明,在两地重复检测到3个QTL,分别位于第3、6和8染色体上;在qHd-3和qHd-8位点,来自Koshihikari等位基因能够提早抽穗,在qHd-6位点,来自Koshihikari等位基因能够延迟抽穗;第3染色体qHd-3和第7染色体非加性QTL之间存在上位性互作,通过重组自交系和置换系相互验证发现,qHd-3 所在的标记区间与W008的Kasalath插入片段位置大体一致,qHd-8所在的标记区间与W023、W024的Kasalath插入片段相吻合,qHd-7-1所在的标记区间位于W20的Kasalath片段之内,表明确实存在这3个位点。同时还对Koshihikari × 桂朝2号RILs抽穗期的QTL定位分析,在南京和海南分别检测到3个加性抽穗期QTL,1对非加性抽穗期QTL存在互作。     

高温胁迫对国稻6号开花结实习性的影响

为研究杂交稻对开花结实期高温胁迫的生理生态适应性, 选用具代表性的主栽杂交稻组合国稻6号、两优培九等, 人工设计极值高温40℃, 自始穗后第15天每天6 h进行热害处理, 以自然气候条件为对照, 测评结实的热害指数, 并从中选择对开花结实期高温胁迫反应差异较大的国稻6号与协优46, 观察高温胁迫对其开花结实习性的影响。结果表明, 国稻6号具较高耐热性似与其“被动避热”适应性有关, 主要表现在开花结实习性的变化, 首先是花期缩短, 花期集中, “粒间顶端优势”有所减弱; 其次是花时分散, 开花峰期峰值下降, 虽未见花时提前, 但见日初花量增加与花时向后延长2 h。     

国家橡胶树种质资源圃07/08年寒害调查

在2007/2008年发生的典型平流型寒害影响下,对国家橡胶树种质资源圃材料进行全面调查。调查结果表明,遗传背景不同的种质对寒害具有一定程度上的差异;1981’IRRDB野生种质中有较大比例显示出对低温具有一定的耐性,可利用从中筛选的优异资源进行耐寒选育种。     

章丘大葱子叶再生体系建立及再生株倍性鉴定

以章丘大葱子叶为材料,研究了不同激素配比对愈伤组织诱导和继代、芽分化、芽点的伸长及根诱导的影响,并对获得的再生植株进行了鉴定。结果表明,诱导章丘大葱子叶产生愈伤组织、愈伤组织的继代培养、愈伤组织芽分化、芽点的伸长及诱导生根的最佳培养基及激素配比分别为：MS+2,4-D 2.0mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L、MS＋2,4-D 2.5mg/L＋KT 0.5mg/L、MS+2,4-D 0+KT 1.0mg/L、MS+KT 0.5mg/L和MS基本培养基;试管苗经驯化移栽后,共有22株成活,成活率为92%,对成活的再生植株进行形态学、叶片气孔及根尖染色体鉴定表明,共有3株发生变异,其中2株为外部形态上的变异,而另一株为染色体的加倍变异。