Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.     

New clues concerning pigment biosynthesis in green colored fiber provided by proteomics-based analysis

To separate the proteins related to pigment synthesis in green colored fiber (GCF), we performed a comparative proteomic analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins between green cotton fiber and a white near-isogenic line (NIL). One differential spot identified as phenylocumaran benzylic ether redutase-like protein (PCBER) was expressed only in GCF, but was not found in white colored fiber (WCF) at any time points. Since PCBER was a key enzyme in lignans biosynthesis, total lignans were extracted from GCF and WCF and their content was determined by using a chromotropic acid spectrophotometric method. The results showed that total lignans content in GCF was significantly higher than that in WCF. The qPCR analysis for two PLR genes associated with lignans biosynthesis showed that the expression level of two genes was much higher in GCF than that in WCF at 24 and 27 days post anthesis (DPA), which may be responsible for the higher lignans content in GCF. Our study suggested that PCBER and lignans may be responsible for the color difference between GCF and WCF. Additionally, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) staining demonstrated that the pigment in GCF was not proanthocyanidins, and was different from that in brown colored fiber (BCF). This study provided new clues for uncovering the molecular mechanisms related to pigment biosynthesis in GCF.     

金露梅与珠芽蓼草粉对模拟瘤胃体外发酵的影响

以6头体重35 kg左右、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康羯羊为瘤胃液供体动物,用持续人工瘤胃装置(RUSITEC),基础日粮混合料为底物进行体外发酵试验,研究添加富含植物次生代谢物的金露梅与珠芽蓼草粉对瘤胃发酵的影响,以筛选天然饲料添加剂。结果表明,基础日粮中添加10%金露梅和10%珠芽蓼草粉与普通基础日粮之间,发酵液pH、甲烷、挥发性脂肪酸的产生量及干物质消失率差异均不显著(P0.05),但有降低甲烷产量、提高干物质消化率的趋势。因此,在本试验条件下,添加10%金露梅和10%珠芽蓼草粉对瘤胃发酵的作用不显著,不适合做饲料添加剂。     

基于无人机多光谱影像的棉叶螨识别方法

【目的】利用无人机遥感在空间分辨率和光谱分辨率上的优势,研究大面积棉田棉叶螨监测方法,为类似的农作物虫害遥感监测研究提供参考。【方法】选20种光谱指数作为螨害监测的特征因子,使用赤池信息准则作为模型优选依据,获取最佳建模特征,建立棉田螨害监测识别的logistic回归模型。【结果】在所分析的全部光谱指数中,TVI、DVI和RDVI为螨害监测的最佳特征因子,基于该3个因子构建的logistic回归模型的分类准确率为95%,F1值为95.1%,能够较好地实现棉田螨害识别。【结论】监测模型可以实现区域范围的棉叶螨快速识别。     

一种侵染红枣叶片和果实的病原真菌鉴定

【目的】研究新疆地区近年发生的一种与枣花叶病有密切关系的病原真菌。【方法】通过病样采集、病原菌分离、回接证病,以及形态观察和rDNA-ITS序列比对等方法,鉴定病原菌。【结果】从有明显花叶症状和褐色叶斑的病叶以及有畸果症状和褐色斑点的病果中分离获得多个真菌单孢菌株,用针刺法将其接种到枣叶和幼果后出现与田间症状基本相似的褐色坏死斑,确定其对枣叶、果的致病性;该菌病原菌形态特征与头状茎点霉基本一致,3个分离菌株的rDNA-ITS序列与头状茎点霉的同源性达到99%。【结论】根据病原菌的形态特征和分子鉴定结果,将该病原菌鉴定为头状茎点霉(Peyronellaea. glomerata)。     

真空干燥过程中物料质量在线测量设备设计与试验

针对真空脉动干燥过程中物料质量在线获取易受到机械振动、温度变化和气流短时冲击等多重干扰,导致测量困难、测量精度不高的问题,提出了将固定料架和测量料架分离的测量方案,并选用高精度的测量器件,在经过信号滤波、温度修正和气流干扰排除等多种修正手段后,实现了温度变化范围20~45℃、无明显外部剧烈振动、冲击时间小于1 min的正常进抽气条件下总量程1 500 g、去掉料盘后有效量程1 000 g、最大引用误差0.1%的物料质量在线测量。静态测试结果显示,满量程最大引用误差0.06%,物料干燥测试结果显示,干燥终点最大引用误差0.1%,能够清楚反映整个干燥过程中的质量变化情况和干燥速率变化情况,可为研究农产品干燥过程中物料状态变化规律和实现自动干燥工艺调控提供技术支持。     

利用微生物防除根寄生杂草列当

根寄生杂草列当(Orobanche spp.)已经严重制约全球许多地区的农业发展,寻找有效防除措施迫在眉睫。由于列当具有特殊生活史且与寄主关系密切,常规防除杂草措施难以达到理想防效。目前,尚无既能有效防除列当又不对寄主造成危害且便于大规模推广应用的列当防除措施。在众多列当防除措施中,微生物防除越来越引起关注和重视。本文对微生物防除列当的国内外研究进展及防除机理进行了综述。目前,列当生防微生物的研究主要集中在镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)等列当病原菌和根瘤菌(Rhizobium spp.)等列当寄主植物共生菌上。微生物防除列当的机制主要包括两方面:一是通过产生代谢产物直接影响列当的萌发和生长,或通过降解列当种子萌发诱导物质间接影响列当的萌发;二是通过提高寄主植物自身对列当的抗性间接影响列当的寄生和生长。此外,本文还重点介绍了植物土传病害的土壤拮抗微生物防除列当杂草的可行性及研究进展。植物土传病害病原菌和列当均首先通过在地下侵染作物的根系进而危害作物正常生长,而作物抗土传病害的机理也与抗列当的机理类似。因此,存在于土壤中具有防治植物土传病害能力的微生物可能也具有防除根寄生杂草列当的功能。本团队前期试验从植物土传病害的土壤拮抗微生物中筛选到在盆栽试验中能够有效防除向日葵列当(O.cumana Wallr.)和瓜列当(O.aegyptiaca Pers.)的放线菌各1株,分别为淡紫褐链霉菌(Streptomyces enissocaesilis Sveshnikova)和密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum Bhuyan B.K)。其中,密旋链霉菌的菌剂在田间试验中既降低了瓜列当的出土数量又增加了番茄的产量。总之,微生物是防除根寄生杂草列当的一条有效途径。     

以有限数据评估方法为基础的海州湾渔业管理策略评估

实验以计算机模拟的管理策略评价方法为基础,以海州湾海域的银鲳、小黄鱼、大泷六线鱼和长蛇鲻为例,对基于数据有限方法的管理策略进行了分析评价。模拟结果显示,基于体长的管理策略能够在产量和避免过度捕捞间取得较好的权衡,其管理效果优于基于捕捞努力量的管理策略。模拟结果显示,银鲳和大泷六线鱼处于过渡捕捞状态;小黄鱼种群规模具有较大波动和不确定性;长蛇鲻种群未遭受过度捕捞。研究表明,基于有限数据评估方法的管理策略可以有效避免潜在的过度捕捞,提升遭受过度捕捞群体的产卵群体生物量规模,具有较好的可持续性,并能维持可观的产量,在我国具有广泛的运用前景。     

低氧胁迫对鲢心肌细胞凋亡及其调控基因Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

为了解低氧胁迫对鲢心脏的损伤及其机制,检测了不同低氧条件下鲢血清肌酸激酶(CK)活力和心肌细胞凋亡情况及凋亡调控基因Bax、Bcl-2的表达。结果显示:低氧胁迫下血清CK活性显著升高,表明低氧实验中鲢心肌细胞可能受到了损伤;TUNEL检测显示低氧胁迫鲢心肌细胞发生了凋亡,且随着氧浓度的下降凋亡指数升高,组间差异极显著;qPCR显示,鲢心肌Bax基因和Bcl-2基因变化趋势相反,Bax基因随着处理时间的延长,氧浓度的下降,表达量升高,Bcl-2基因表达量降低,且实验结束时与常氧对照值(Normoxia group,NO)比较差异显著。结果表明,低氧胁迫通过升高鲢心肌Bax基因表达、降低Bcl-2基因表达,导致心肌细胞凋亡,从而造成鲢心脏损伤甚至鱼死亡。     

鲢鳙在长寿湖水生态系统氮磷循环中的作用

为探究长寿湖鲢、鳙在水体生态系统氮(N)磷(P)循环中的作用,研究测定了季节性水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的变化,进行了原位鲢、鳙排泄率的测定。通过N、P排泄对比分析了鲢、鳙对水体N、P的贡献率。通过长寿湖鲢、鳙鱼体N、P含量测定,估算水体中N、P去除量。结果显示:鲢、鳙N、P排泄率夏季最高,冬季最低,季节性温度变化对其排泄率有一定影响;2016—2017在长寿湖平均水温为19.88℃条件下,鲢的N、P排泄率分别为0.973 1μg L-1d-1和0.242 2μg L-1d-1;鳙的N、P排泄率分别为0.642 5μg L-1d-1和0.174 9μg L-1d-1,鲢、鳙N、P排泄量分别占长寿湖藻类初级生产所需N含量的1.19%和0.79%,P含量的9.57%和6.91%;2016—2017长寿湖通过捕捞鲢、鳙产品带走的N、P含量分别为60.61 t和23.31 t。结果表明,长寿湖开展生态养殖对水体N、P贡献较小,不会引起水体富营养化。