长江流域铜鱼和圆口铜鱼的遗传多样性

利用线粒体DNA控制区序列多态性分析了长江流域铜鱼（Coreius heterodon）和圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）各4个群体的遗传结构;同时利用9对自行开发的多态性微卫星标记分析圆口铜鱼4个群体的遗传结构。结果显示,铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop序列共检出22个多态位点,28种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数（h）和核苷酸多样性指数（7r）分别为0．849和0．00257。圆口铜鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop序列共检出18个多态位点,28种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数分别为0．902和0．00424。分子变异分析（AMOVA）结果提示,铜鱼和圆口铜鱼分别有98．80％和99．17％的遗传变异发生于群体内部,表明铜鱼和圆口铜鱼未出现种群分化。选用的9个微卫星标记在圆口铜鱼群体中共检测到48个等位基因;群体平均观测杂合度在0．631～0．753之间;平均期望杂合度为0．598-0．728：平均多态信息含量为0．548～0．670。结果表明,长江流域铜鱼遗传多样性较低,长江上游圆口铜鱼遗传多样性较高,且均未出现种群遗传分化。圆口铜鱼SSR固定指数为0．12l58,高于D．1oop固定指数,显示SSR标记对圆口铜鱼群体间遗传差异的检测更为灵敏。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：377-385]     

军曹鱼黏膜免疫组织发育的形态学研究

运用组织学及组织化学的染色方法,对出膜后第l-44天（days post-hatch,dph）的军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）黏膜免疫组织的发育过程进行研究。结果显示,白细胞在黏膜免疫组织出现的时间顺序由早到晚依次为鳃、皮肤、胃、肠,同大量抗原接触鱼体组织时白细胞出现的时间顺序相符。军曹鱼胃固有层中丰富的白细胞说明胃可能在黏膜免疫中发挥着很大的作用。黏液细胞最早出现在胃;其后是皮肤和肠道;鳃最晚。在胃肠、皮肤内的黏液细胞几天后就可分泌中性至酸性黏液物质,且分泌量随鱼体分发育而增多,但在鳃组织内,黏液的分泌早于黏液细胞的出现。在采样的时间段里,黏膜免疫组织未发现浆细胞,可能是由于B细胞还没有发育成熟并具备免疫功能。从白细胞在军曹鱼黏膜组织内发育及分布的状况,可见黏膜组织具有完成免疫应答的细胞基础。     

Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.     

Optimal dietary lipid level for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae

A 30‐day feeding experiment was conducted in blue tanks (70 × 50 × 60 cm, water volume 180 L) to determine the effects of dietary lipid levels on the survival, growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae (12 days after hatchery, with initial average weight 1.93 ± 0.11 mg). Five practical microdiets, containing 83 g kg^?1 (Diet 1), 126 g kg^?1 (Diet 2), 164 g kg^?1 (Diet 3), 204 g kg^?1 (Diet 4) and 248 g kg^?1 lipid (Diet 5), were formulated. Live feeds (Artemia sinicia nauplii and live copepods) were used as the control diet (Diet 6). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of tanks, and each tank was stocked with 3500 larvae. During the experiment, water temperature was maintained at 23(±1) °C, pH 8.0 (±0.2) and salinity 25 (±2) g L^?1. The results showed that dietary lipid significantly influenced the survival and growth of large yellow croaker larvae. Survival increased with the increase of dietary lipid from 83 to 164 g kg^?1, and then decreased. The survival of larvae fed the diet with 83 g kg^?1 lipid (16.1%) was significantly lower than that of larvae fed other diets. However, the survival in larvae fed the diet with 16.4 g kg^?1 lipid was the highest compared with other artificial microdiets. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid level from 83 to 164 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), and then decreased. The SGR in larvae fed the diet with 164 g kg^?1 lipid (10.0% per day) was comparable with 204 g kg^?1 lipid (9.6% per day), but were significantly higher than other microdiets (P < 0.05). On the basis of survival and SGR, the optimum dietary lipid level was estimated to be 172 and 177 g kg^?1 of diet using second‐order polynomial regression analysis respectively.     

浅色黄姑鱼鳃结构及其呼吸面积的研究

应用扫描电镜技术对体重范围在4.75～35.51g的浅色黄姑鱼（Nibea coibor）鳃结构及鳃小片进行了观察与呼吸面积计算,研究体重、体长与呼吸面积之间的相关关系。结果表明,浅色黄姑鱼的平均相对呼吸面积为4.01±1.62cm^2·g^-1。体重与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=28.81＋158.45lnW（R^2=0.9670,P〈0.01）较体长与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=17.31L^1.4542（R^2=0.8241,P〈0.01）更为显著。单位mm鳃小片的数目随着体重的不断增加显著减少,N=49.971W^-0.3909（P〈0.01）。单个鳃小片的面积随体重的增大而显著增加,a=0.3199W^0.2528（P〈0.01）。总呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著增加,A=11.559W^0.7109（P〈0.01）。相对呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著减小,RA=11.561W^-0.2904（P〈0.01）。     

牙鲆肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)基因克隆

采用同源克隆及基因组步移的方法,分离克隆了牙鲆肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)基因.经过序列分析及cDNA验证,牙鲆MSTN基因具有3个外显子和2个内含子,编码377个氨基酸.5'侧翼区含有8个TATA框,一个CAAT框,6个E框;3'侧翼区含有加尾信号.通过同源分析,牙鲆MSTN C末端含有9个保守半胱氨酸残基和一个RVRR蛋白酶酶切位点;通过进化树分析,牙鲆MSTN与鱼类MSTN基因聚为一支.RT-PCR分析表明,牙鲆MSTN在胚胎发育中不表达或表达量较低,说明MSTN在牙鲆胚胎发育中并不起重要作用;其在各组织中的表达,随个体和环境的不同而有差异,暗示MSTN的表达受外界因素调控.     

印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼的食性

根据2005年9月至2005年12月及2003年12月至2004年5月在印度洋中西部水域调查所获得的数据,对大眼金枪鱼食性进行了初步研究.结果表明,印度洋中西部水域大眼金枪鱼食物组成包括鱿、鲐、沙丁鱼、乌贼、蟹、竹??鱼、蛇鲭、乌鲂、刺鲷、虾、帆蜥、鳞鲀、水母和杂鱼等饵料,其中主要食物为鱿(IRI=50.84%)、鲐(IRI=17.70%)以及虾类(IRI=9.49%).空胃率较高,雄性大眼金枪鱼的空胃率高达52.2%,而雌性大眼金枪鱼的空胃率则为47.7%.食物组成有明显的月份变化,各月大眼金枪鱼食物中鱿所占比重均较大,其次是鲐、沙丁鱼、虾以及蟹.食物中平均饵料重量及平均饵料个数的月变化较为显著,且趋势较为一致.各体长组大眼金枪鱼食物中鱿重量均占有一定的比例,鲐和沙丁鱼所占比重也较大,蟹类以及虾类在大眼金枪鱼的食物中也占有一定的比重.各体长组大眼金枪鱼食物中平均饵料重量及平均饵料个数的变化显著,且趋势较为一致,110～140cm体长范围内的大眼金枪鱼摄食量较大.各月Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'基本上都在1.50～2.00之间变化,各月Pielou均匀度指数J'均在0.80～1.00之间.各体长组Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H'变化较大,各体长组Pielou均匀度指数J'均在0.85～1.00之间.     

鹿角菜采苗育苗技术的研究

鹿角菜是一种含胶量丰富的食用海藻,自古以来野生野长,尚未被人们养殖利用。2005年8月初开始对鹿角菜进行了采苗育苗的研究。自然界海藻的成熟与温度密切相关,在水温18.4℃以下,即10月上中旬～11月下旬,是鹿角菜采苗育苗的最适宜季节。培育幼孢子体适宜盐度为18,在此条件下各实验组幼孢子体生长良好,假根毛生长特别繁茂。在大面积育苗中,每厘米苗绳培育出多达60株的健康幼苗,育苗获得成功。     

病原检测基因芯片应用及在水产病害检测的前景

基因芯片技术是近年来迅速发展起来的一项新技术,已成为国内外研究的热点。作为生物芯片技术发展中最完备的一个分支,基因芯片以其高通量、高灵敏性、高特异性的特点,在细菌、病毒、真菌等病原检测和鉴定方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文介绍了基因芯片的原理和作为检测手段的优越性,并综述了基因芯片技术在细菌和病毒检测方面的应用,分析了现有水产动物病原检测技术,提出了在现有水产动物病原生物信息学的基础上,研发水产养殖动物病害诊断基因芯片的策略。