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41.
Galibert F Finan TM Long SR Puhler A Abola P Ampe F Barloy-Hubler F Barnett MJ Becker A Boistard P Bothe G Boutry M Bowser L Buhrmester J Cadieu E Capela D Chain P Cowie A Davis RW Dreano S Federspiel NA Fisher RF Gloux S Godrie T Goffeau A Golding B Gouzy J Gurjal M Hernandez-Lucas I Hong A Huizar L Hyman RW Jones T Kahn D Kahn ML Kalman S Keating DH Kiss E Komp C Lelaure V Masuy D Palm C Peck MC Pohl TM Portetelle D Purnelle B Ramsperger U Surzycki R Thebault P Vandenbol M Vorholter FJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5530):668-672
The scarcity of usable nitrogen frequently limits plant growth. A tight metabolic association with rhizobial bacteria allows legumes to obtain nitrogen compounds by bacterial reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonium (NH4+). We present here the annotated DNA sequence of the alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiont of alfalfa. The tripartite 6.7-megabase (Mb) genome comprises a 3.65-Mb chromosome, and 1.35-Mb pSymA and 1.68-Mb pSymB megaplasmids. Genome sequence analysis indicates that all three elements contribute, in varying degrees, to symbiosis and reveals how this genome may have emerged during evolution. The genome sequence will be useful in understanding the dynamics of interkingdom associations and of life in soil environments. 相似文献
42.
Zhang Z Gildersleeve J Yang YY Xu R Loo JA Uryu S Wong CH Schultz PG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5656):371-373
Posttranslational modifications of proteins regulate many biological processes, including metabolism, signal transduction, and gene expression. The synthetic challenges associated with generating homogeneous populations of selectively modified proteins, however, have hindered detailed studies of the effects of these modifications on protein structure and function. Here, we report an approach to the cotranslational synthesis of selectively glycosylated proteins in which the modified amino acid is genetically encoded. We show that myoglobin containing beta-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-serine at a defined position can be expressed in Escherichia coli in good yield and with high fidelity. The beta-GlcNAc moiety can be recognized by a saccharide-binding protein, or subsequently modified with a galactosyltransferase to build more complex carbohydrates. This approach should be generally applicable to other posttranslational modifications such as protein phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation. 相似文献
43.
Enzymatic catalysts in organic synthesis 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
C H Wong 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,244(4909):1145-1152
The synthetic value of enzymes is being increasingly recognized. With an understanding of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and the techniques now available for the low-cost production and rational alteration of enzymes and for the design of new enzymatic activities, biocatalytic synthesis should become one of the most valuable synthetic methods. The fundamental as well as the practical issues of this rapidly growing area are described and its impact on the technology pertaining to synthesis is considered. 相似文献
44.
Evidence for reduced recombination on the nondisjoined chromosomes 21 in Down syndrome 总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28
A C Warren A Chakravarti C Wong S A Slaugenhaupt S L Halloran P C Watkins C Metaxotou S E Antonarakis 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4815):652-654
Trisomy 21 usually results from nondisjunction during meiosis I. In order to determine whether nondisjunction results from failure of normal chromosome pairing or premature unpairing, recombination frequencies were estimated between DNA polymorphic markers on the long arm of chromosome 21 in families containing one individual with trisomy 21. The recombination frequencies on chromosomes 21 that had undergone nondisjunction were then compared to those on chromosomes 21 that had disjoined normally. The data indicate that recombination is reduced between DNA markers on nondisjoined chromosomes 21. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced chiasma formation predisposes to nondisjunction, resulting in trisomy 21 in humans. 相似文献
45.
高层框架-核心筒体结构中,在框架与核心简体连接处设置V型减震器,使框架与核心筒体之间的刚性连接变成了弹性阻尼连接,从而减小了地震作用下结构的动力反应。本文通过对带V型减震器的高度框架-核心筒体结构动力特点的分析,建立了这种减震结构的动力计算模型,提出了这种减震结构的动力计算方法,并对计算公式进行了推导。 相似文献
46.
Cellulases Can Enhance beta-Glucan Synthesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
beta-Glucan synthesis from uridine diphosphoglucose by pea epicotyl tissue slices is increased two- to threefold by preliminary, short-term treatment with cellulases purified from auxin-treated peas. We suggest that cellulases introduce chain ends in accessible regions of cellulose microfibrils which then act as primers for chain elongation. 相似文献
47.
塔里木地区土壤理化参数的相关性和重要性分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
随着西部油气资源的开发,大量金属设施将埋在荒漠和盐渍土中,腐蚀与腐蚀控制问题已经提到议事日程上。为此在塔北5个油区及2条长输管道沿浅近2万km^2的地区进行了一全面的,综合性的土壤环境腐蚀性调查,选取103个土壤调查点进行了测试,获得大量数据。土壤理化性质的测发为室内和野外两部分进行,并采用主分量分析法(PCA),对测量数据中重要的24种理化参数变量之间的关系进行了相关性及重要性分析,分析结果表明 相似文献
48.
Zhang H Chen T Jiang J Wong YS Yang F Zheng W 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(16):8683-8690
Both selenium and allophycocyanin (APC) have been reported to show novel antioxidant activities. In this study, a fast protein liquid chromatographic method for purification of selenium-containing allophycocyanin (Se-APC) from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis and the protective effect of Se-APC on 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress have been described. After fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and separation by DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange and Sephacryl S-300 size exclusion chromatography, Se-APC with purity ratio (A652/A280) of 5.30 and Se concentration of 343.02 μg g(-1) protein was obtained. Se-APC exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than APC by scavenging ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) and AAPH free radicals. The oxidative hemolysis and morphological changes induced by AAPH in human erythrocytes were effectively reversed by coincubation with Se-APC. Lipid oxidation induced by the pro-oxidant agent cupric chloride in human plasma, as evaluated by formation of conjugated diene, was blocked by Se-APC. The accumulation of malondialdehyde, loss of reduced glutathione, and increase in enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase and reductase induced by AAPH in human erythrocytes were effectively suppressed by Se-APC. Furthermore, Se-APC significantly prevented AAPH-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Taken together, our results suggest that Se-APC demonstrates application potential in treatment of diseases in which excess production of ROS acts as a casual or contributory factor. 相似文献
49.
Four Lake Column Simulators were filled with hypolimnetic water from Lake Ontario and inoculated with algae and fish. Various microbial processes were monitored before and after the addition of dredged spoils. Loading rates of dredged spoils of 0.33, 3.3 or 33 g day?1 were used for each of three columns and one column with no addition of dredged spoils was maintained as a control. The effects of dredged spoils on microbial activities were most pronounced at the highest loading rate. 32P-PO4 was rapidly removed from the control water but the presence of suspended particles from dredged material increased both biological assimilation and physical adsorption processes. The influence of dredged spoils on 32P-PO4 uptake was most pronounced immediately following loading. Dredged spoils also increased 14C-acetate mineralization in water and the effects were again more pronounced immediately following loading. A 3 fold increase in heterotrophic activity during a 1 h incubation at 20°C was observed following addition of a 33 g day?1 loading. Dredged spoils increased the levels of N2-fixation in the columns as indicated by the C2H2-reduction assay procedure. Suspended dredged material reduced light penetration and decreased primary production in the columns. The increased availability of dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic nutrients from continuous addition of dredged spoils was responsible for a general stimulation of microbial activities in the epilimnetic and hypolimnetic regions of the simulated lake columns. 相似文献
50.
Lead and zinc mine tailings from Guangdong, China were found to be toxic to two common species of the earthworm Pheretima, unless the spoil was diluted by at least 20% with an artificial uncontaminated soil. With different soil dilutions, there were significant differences in mortality, growth and Zn uptake between the two species. Zinc and arsenic were principally responsible for the toxicity of the tailings. LC50 values for Zn, Pb, Cu and As for Pheretima were similar to those reported in the literature for Eisenia fetida. Following inoculation with the earthworms, spoil pH, EC and available metals increased; available-Pb and -Zn concentrations increased by up to 48.2% and 24.8% respectively. The findings suggest that earthworms may play an important role in reclamation of mining spoils to achieve a healthy soil supporting sustainable vegetation. Potentially increased toxicity of metals to plants and animals, through increased bioavailability in the presence of earthworms, is discussed in the context of their role in modifying the efficiency of phytoremediation treatments. 相似文献