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91.
Leopards Panthera pardus are classified in the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable, primarily due to habitat loss, natural prey base depletion and exploitation caused by various anthropogenic activities. Although protected areas are important for leopard conservation, the majority of suitable leopard habitat lies beyond protected area boundaries exposing individuals to different environmental, physiological and psychosocial stressors. This study aimed to examine the suitability of five different enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring adrenocortical function in the leopard based on faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) analysis. After performing an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test and investigating the stability of fGCM post-defaecation, faeces from free-ranging leopards in a peri-urban and a conservation area were collected to investigate the potential impact of habitat variability on glucocorticoid output. An EIA measuring fGCM with a 5α-3β-11β-diol structure performed best, demonstrating a ~200%–330% increase in fGCM concentrations approximately 40 h post-ACTH administration. Concentrations of fGCM remained quite stable for up to six days post-defaecation and showed a maximum increase of 8% and a maximum decrease of 9%. Although not significantly different, overall median fGCM concentrations were 68% higher in individuals utilising the peri-urban area compared with leopards utilising the conservation area. The ranges of fGCM concentrations between sites, however, were similar. Individual median fGCM concentrations differed distinctly between free-ranging males and females, possibly linked to female reproductive status. The established method can now assist in addressing some of the issues facing local wildlife managers, conservationists and researchers tackling various aspects related to leopard conservation and management under different land-use practices.  相似文献   
92.
CASE SUMMARIES: Two cases of diabetes mellitus occurring in bitches in association with pregnancy are reported. In the first case, a bitch with suspected acromegaly developed diabetes mellitus within 2 weeks of the due date. Despite insulin therapy, euglycaemia was not achieved. Tw o live, small pups were delivered by elective Caesarean section but died within 2 days. Signs consistent with acromegaly resolved but diabetes mellitus was permanent in the bitch. In the second case, diabetic ketosis with severe gastrointestinal disease was diagnosed 2 days after Caesarean section was performed due to dystocia. The pups delivered all died within 5 days. The bitch recovered fully from diabetes mellitus within 2 weeks and has remained euglycaemic without insulin for a period of at least 18 months.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These two cases demonstrate that diabetes mellitus can occur in association with pregnancy in dogs, that diabetic ketosis can occur during transient diabetes mellitus in dogs, and suggest that acromegaly may occur during pregnancy-related dioestrus in dogs. The scarcity of previous reports of this nature, however, suggests that such cases are unusual.

Lack of prompt resolution of hyperglycaemia may result in secondary diabetes mellitus becoming permanent. Management should focus on immediate insulin therapy or ovariohysterectomy to minimise this risk. Even mild hyperglycaemia should not be ignored during pregnancy. The insulin antagonistic effects of pregnancy, stressful illness, surgery and dystocia can be enough to result in diabetic ketosis in the absence of permanent insulin deficiency. Maternal hyperglycaemia may contribute to adverse fetal outcomes in dogs but further study is required regarding the nature of the risk.  相似文献   
93.
CASE HISTORY: Investigations were conducted to determine the cause of an acute, multi-farm outbreak of porcine respiratory disease that included diarrhoea and subsequent loss of body condition in affected pigs. A definition for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) including both clinical and pathological features, previously developed for the pig industry in New Zealand, was applied to the current outbreak. In addition to self-reporting by owners of affected farms, local veterinarians, disease and epidemiology consultants, and animal health officials from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) were involved in conducting farm visits and submission of diagnostic specimens.

CLINICAL FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS: Pathogens known to be endemic in the pig industry in New Zealand as well as likely exotic diseases were excluded as causative agents of the outbreak. Clinical signs including dyspnoea, diarrhoea, and rapid loss of body condition were consistent with the New Zealand case definition for PMWS. Interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, generalised lymph-node enlargement, and presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) inclusion bodies were consistently identified in affected pigs. Classical swine fever virus (CSFv), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv), and Influenza virus were ruled out, using molecular and traditional virological techniques. Spread of the disease between farms was hypothesised to be facilitated by locally migrating flocks of black-backed seagulls. The original source of the disease incursion was not identified.

DIAGNOSIS: Based on the consistent presence of circovirusassociated lesions in lymphoid tissues in combination with generalised enlargement of lymph nodes, histiocytic interstitial pneumonia, clinical wasting, and poor response to antibiotic therapy, a diagnosis of PMWS was made.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PMWS should be considered in the differential diagnoses of sudden onset of respiratory dyspnoea, diarrhoea, and rapid loss of body condition in young pigs in New Zealand pig herds.  相似文献   
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Field trials were carried out to assess the efficacy of a 4% azadirachtin (aza)-containing neem seed extract EC, against damage by western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] on nectarine crops in the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Several trials were conducted during the years 1993 to 1995 to assess the repellent and larvicidal properties of aza, specifically: whether it was effective against adult or larval thrips; how the effects differed with concentration of aza; and whether female WFT avoided aza-treated flowers. Our results showed that aza has only limited effectiveness as a control agent against WFT on nectarines and the current formulation does not appear to limit larval development sufficiently to be deemed a possible control agent in this field situation.  相似文献   
97.
The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project estimates the frequencies, amplitudes, and linewidths of more than 250,000 acoustic resonances of the sun from data sets lasting 36 days. The frequency resolution of a single data set is 0.321 microhertz. For frequencies averaged over the azimuthal order m, the median formal error is 0.044 microhertz, and the associated median fractional error is 1.6 x 10(-5). For a 3-year data set, the fractional error is expected to be 3 x 10(-6). The GONG m-averaged frequency measurements differ from other helioseismic data sets by 0.03 to 0.08 microhertz. The differences arise from a combination of systematic errors, random errors, and possible changes in solar structure.  相似文献   
98.
P-Chlorophenylalanine methyl ester and the ester plus pargyline have been reported to facilitate sexual mounting behavior in animals, but these studies have shown only a facilitation of homosexual mounting. The present study indicates that these agents do not enhance the probability or frequency of heterosexual interactions in rats.  相似文献   
99.
A dog was presented with a 2 year history of polyuria and polydipsia due to pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. A low-dose dexamethasone suppression test and measurement of plasma ACTH concentration confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment was instituted with mitotane at 44 mg/kg/day and then 88 mg/kg/d without complete resolution of signs. The dog collapsed with signs consistent with liver disease and was euthanased. Necropsy revealed a phaeochromocytoma of the left adrenal medulla with extensive metastases to the liver. A chromophobe adenoma of the pars intermedia of the pituitary was found.  相似文献   
100.
Hybrid poplar plantations in Quebec, Canada, are generally established on marginal agricultural lands characterized by low pH and low inherent soil fertility. Here, we tested the hypothesis that two potential organic fertilizer (OF) sources, papermill biosolids (PBs) and liquid pig slurry (LPS), would improve soil quality and the growth performance of hybrid poplars (Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoides), especially if applied in mixtures rather than separately. The fertilizer treatments included an unfertilized control, inorganic fertilizer (IF) (calcium ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate) and OFs (PBs alone, LPS alone and two combinations of PBs and LPS) applied at two rates. Fertilizers were broadcast within 1 m of tree trunks and unincorporated, to prevent damage to tree roots. Hybrid poplar growth was the greatest in plots fertilized with a combination of PBs and LPS, suggesting that the two OFs complemented themselves and/or interacted to improve soil nutritional quality. PBs were the most efficient at raising soil pH, providing plant‐available Ca and increasing nitrification rates over the long term, whereas LPS provided more readily available NO3‐N, P and K. Applied together, PBs and LPS interacted to provide more extractable P and mineralizable NH4‐N than when applied separately. OFs increased soil biological activity, notably basal respiration, microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and mineral N production rates. Community‐level catabolic profiles of the extractable soil microflora in plots with OFs differed significantly from the control and IF treatments. This implies that surface‐applied OFs may induce fundamental changes to the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the underlying rooting zone. Although this study has shown beneficial effects of OF mixtures on soil quality and hybrid poplar growth, further research should focus on their possible environmental impacts.  相似文献   
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