An investigation on the comparison of wet spinning and electrospinning: Experimentation and simulation

Polysulfonamide (PSA) has been widely used in many fields because of its excellent thermodynamic properties. In this study, PSA fibers were prepared separately via two different spinning ways, including conventional wet spinning and electrospinning. Fluid motion of wet spinning and electrostatic field of electrospinning were modeled using finite element analysis to investigate the spinning process. The properties of fabricated PSA fibers were characterized systematically by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravity analysis (TGA) and electronic strength tester. Based on the simulation and theoretical analysis of spinning process, it was found that the extruding force of the wet spinning is larger than that of the electrospinning. The larger extruding force makes the alignment of macromolecules inside fiber relatively uniform, and a higher proportion of crystallization happens. Accordingly, the mechanical properties and thermal stability of PSA fibers could be improved due to a higher proportion of crystallization. The experimental results of mechanical strength and TG test are coincided with the simulation results. PSA fiber prepared by wet spinning has better thermal stability and mechanical properties than that fabricated by electrospinning.     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

Soybean plant height QTL mapping and meta‐analysis for mining candidate genes

Plant height is closely related to seed yield of soybean. The goal of this study was to identify important loci affecting soybean plant height using meta‐analysis based on a reference physical map. Plant height related to QTLs was mapped across eight years with a RIL population by WinQTLCart v2.5. 182 QTLs related to plant height of soybean from database and our research were collected, and each QTL was projected onto the soybean physical map by software BioMercator v2.1. The confidence interval of meta‐QTL ranged from 0.09 to 5.07 Mb, and the mean phenotypic variance ranged from 4.9% to 73.0%. Furthermore, 4,259 candidate genes were located in these consensus QTLs, and 40 of them were involved in the plant growth and stem elongation and annotated as plant hormone signal transduction (pathway ID ko04075) in KEGG pathway. These results would lay a foundation for fine mapping of QTLs/genes related to plant height and marker‐assisted selection for breeding in soybean.     

Mapping and validation of the quantitative trait loci for leaf stay‐green‐associated parameters in maize

Functional stay‐green is generally regarded as a desirable trait of varieties in major crops including maize. In this study, we used an F_3:4 recombinant inbred line population with 165 lines from a cross between a stay‐green inbred line (Zheng58) and a model inbred line (B73) using 211 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers to map quantitative trait loci for three stay‐green‐associated parameters, chlorophyll content, photosystem II photochemical efficiency and stay‐green area, at maturity stage, detected a total of 23 quantitative trait loci (QTL) on nine chromosomes. Single QTL explained 3.7–13.5% of the phenotypic variance. Additionally, we validated some important stay‐green QTL using a heterogeneous inbred family approach and found that the stay‐green‐associated parameters were significantly correlated with the plant yield. This study may contribute to a better insight into the regulatory mechanism behind leaf stay‐green in maize and a novel development of elite maize varieties with delayed leaf senescence through molecular marker‐assisted selection.     

Development and application of a molecular marker for TMV resistance based on <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis> gene in tobacco (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana tabacum</Emphasis>)

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) caused serious loss in yield and quality of tobacco every year. It is a long-term goal to improve the tobacco resistance against TMV by tobacco breeding. N gene was the firstly reported TMV-resistant gene, which showed resistance against all Tobamoviruses except the Ob stain and belonged to the toll-interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat class of plant resistance (R) genes. At present, N gene had already been widely used in tobacco conventional breeding, but there is rare available molecular maker used in marker-assisted selection of TMV resistance. In this study, we designed a pair of primers that specific amplify N gene fragment based on the sequence of N gene intron III, named N-marker. Then, we identified TMV resistance by two selecting methods, PCR with N-marker and inoculated with the TMV-C strain. Results from the two method showed that (1) 13 varieties among 67 tobacco varieties displayed hypersensitive reaction when inoculated with the TMV-C strain, also contained N gene fragments screened by PCR with N-marker; (2) 105 strains of 200 BC1 strains showed resistance against TMV when inoculated with TMV-C strain, meanwhile, 103 of the 105 strains contained N gene fragment verified by PCR with N-marker. Therefore, the N-marker is reliable for high throughput screening of germplasm resources and tobacco breeding materials in selection of N-mediated TMV resistance. Our study not only developed a molecular marker for tobacco breeding, but also identified new germplasm resources that are resistant to TMV.     

绿洲灌区不同密度玉米群体的耗水特性研究

针对水资源不足严重制约绿洲灌区玉米生产,密植对玉米耗水特性影响研究薄弱,以及生产实践中缺乏调控种植密度以同步提高产量和水分利用效率的理论依据等问题,2012—2015年,以先玉335为参试品种,在相同施肥、灌水制度下,设75 000株hm–2(低,D1)、87 000株hm–2(中,D2)、99 000株hm–2(高,D3)3个密度水平,探讨密度对玉米耗水的时间动态、耗水结构以及利用效率的影响,以期为优化密植增产节水技术提供理论依据。结果表明,随密度增大,玉米全生育期总耗水量(ET)增大,大喇叭口期至吐丝期是耗水量增大的主要时期,高、中密度处理与低密度处理相比,全生育期总耗水量4年平均分别高22.8%、14.4%,大喇叭口期至吐丝期平均分别高28.4%、18.2%,其他生育时期不同处理的耗水量差异不显著。增加密度可降低玉米的无效耗水,提高水分利用率,高、中密度处理较低密度处理全生育期的棵间蒸发量(E)4年平均分别减少56.5 mm、27.6 mm,密植降低棵间蒸发量的主要时期在拔节至灌浆期,其中大喇叭口期至吐丝期的日均棵间蒸发量分别减少0.51 mm、0.27 mm;高、中密度与低密度处理相比,全生育期的E/ET分别降低15.8%、6.2%,其中拔节至大喇叭口期减小幅度最大,分别为22.1%、10.7%。与低密度处理相比,高、中密度处理的籽粒产量分别提高了17.9%、14.8%,但高、中密度处理间的产量差异不显著;高、中、低密度处理的水分利用效率(WUE)分别为18.2、19.3和16.8 kg hm–2 mm–1,中密度处理的WUE显著高于低密度处理;与低密度处理相比,高、中密度处理4年平均灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)分别提高了34.5%、19.6%。本研究说明,在传统供水覆膜条件下,进一步增加种植密度是干旱绿洲灌区提高玉米产量和灌溉水利用效率的可行措施。     

张掖玉米制种产业发展推动措施及思路

通过阐述张掖玉米制种产业发展现状及推动产业发展的措施,提出了发展思路是加强基地建设,推进玉米制种基地四化进程;加强制度落实,强化基地监管措施;加大政策扶持,提升企业核心竞争力;加强质量监管,确保供种安全;强化信息公开,建立执法监管平台。     

温室作业机具室内定位方法研究

针对农机具在温室大棚内的定位、作业轨迹跟踪及作业面积核算需求,提出一种基于多源数据融合理论的温室机具室内定位优化算法。首先根据惯性导航测量技术预估被测目标定位初值,再利用无线RSSI测距技术使用加权质心算法获得定位测量结果,利用卡尔曼滤波算法进行定位信息最优化计算,以消除基于单一测量技术存在数据漂移、测试信号受遮挡、电磁干扰造成的误差,获得准确的定位信息,进而实现作业轨迹的实时跟踪以及作业面积的有效核算。在Matlab仿真分析中,首先建立定位算法评价指标以便于定位效果评估,通过仿真计算得出:基于多源数据融合的优化定位算法的定位精度及稳定性均优于单一无线RSSI室内定位算法。温室大棚田间试验的实际测试结果表明,室内定位精度不大于0.125 m,定位误差小于0.4%,能够较好地满足温室内作业机具的定位及作业轨迹实时获取与监测的需求。     

基于改进欧拉算法的双吸离心泵泥沙磨损特性研究

固液两相流算法对双吸离心泵泥沙磨损模拟精度有直接影响。采用改进的固液两相流欧拉算法,考虑了相间阻力和泥沙扩散系数两方面因素,对典型悬移质泥沙粒径条件下的双吸离心泵流场进行了数值计算。研究发现,叶片表面湍流强度在头部和尾部较大,可达6%~10%;叶片头部和尾部的颗粒动态尺度大于中部。由湍流强度和颗粒动态尺度组成的湍动尺度效应,在叶片头部和尾部表现强烈,湍动尺度效应使固液相间阻力增大,更有利于颗粒的扩散,避免了颗粒聚集,对大颗粒的作用强于小颗粒。湍动尺度效应导致叶片表面固相体积分数分布范围减小,大颗粒的变化值大于小颗粒,叶片头部和尾部的改变值大于中部,叶片表面的严重磨损部位为叶片工作面尾部的块状磨损区,这比采用传统算法得到的带状磨损区和偏磨区计算结果,更符合离心泵实际磨损情况,考虑湍动尺度效应后得到的磨损率也有所增大。在此基础上,提出了双吸离心泵叶片水力设计和表面喷涂防护原则,为提高双吸离心泵抵抗泥沙磨损能力奠定了基础。     

3-P(4S)并联机构分析与多目标性能优化

针对3-P(4S)并联平台,首先对其进行了位置反解,提出了由BP神经网络和拟Newton法相结合的混合数值法,并以此对机构进行了位置正解,求解精度可达到10-8数量级,求解时间在20 ms内。然后通过对位置解求导可得到机构动平台和分支杆件的速度和加速度。根据运动学分析的结果,应用牛顿欧拉方法构建该机构的动力学模型,并对机构的数值算例进行了动力学仿真验证。最后综合考虑机构的动力学性能、刚度性能和速度性能,分别推导了其评价指标,并应用改进的加权求和法对该机构进行多目标的尺寸优化。通过多目标的尺寸优化,该机构的动力学性能和速度性能提升了2倍,刚度性能提升了3倍。