5种植物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病室内防效评价

采用菌落生长速率法、分生孢子玻片萌发法和离体枝条烫伤接种法测定了5种植物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病室内防治效果。结果表明,5种植物源药剂对苹果树腐烂病菌菌落生长和分生孢子萌发均具有显著的抑制作用,当0.3%丁子香酚SL、5%香芹酚AS、20%乙蒜素EC、0.5%小檗碱AS和1.3%苦参碱AS的有效成分浓度分别为3、50、100、50和14.44μg/mL时,其对苹果树腐烂病菌菌落生长的抑制率分别为98.63%、99.22%、99.22%、100%和79.29%,其EC 50分别为0.43、8.78、11.21、13.68和8.11μg/mL;对苹果树腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发的校正抑制率分别为97.92%、100%、95.83%、77.08%和96.88%,其EC 50分别为0.70、8.56、20.39、28.23和8.04μg/mL。离体枝条保护试验表明,20%乙蒜素EC有效成分浓度为100μg/mL时对离体枝条保护作用最佳。本研究通过筛选明确了5种植物源药剂中0.3%丁子香酚SL可作为抑制苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的最佳药剂,以及20%乙蒜素EC可作为离体枝条保护作用的最佳药剂。     

The transiogram as a graphic metric for characterizing the spatial patterns of landscapes

Context

Landscape metrics play an important role in measurement, analysis, and interpretation of spatial patterns of landscapes. There are a variety of different landscape metrics widely used in landscape ecology. However, existing landscape metrics are mostly non-graphic and single-value indices, which may not be sufficient to describe the complex spatial correlation and interclass relationships of various landscapes. As a transition probability diagram over the lag distance, the transiogram, which emerged in recent years, essentially provides a new graphic metric for measuring and visualizing the auto and cross correlations of landscape categories.

Objectives

To explore the capability of the transiogram for measuring spatial patterns of categorical landscape maps and compare it with existing landscape metrics.

Methods

Sixteen commonly-used landscape metrics and transiograms (including auto- and cross-transiograms) were estimated and compared for land cover/use classes in four areas with different landscapes.

Results

Results show that (1) these transiograms can provide visual information about the proportions, aggregation levels, interclass adjacencies, and intra-class/interclass correlation ranges of landscape classes; (2) sills and auto-correlation ranges of transiograms are correlated with the values of some landscape metrics; and (3) the peak height ratios of idealized transiograms can effectively represent the juxtaposition strength of neighboring class pairs.

Conclusions

The transiogram can be an effective graphic metric for characterizing the auto-correlation of single classes (through auto-transiograms) and the complex interclass relationships, such as interdependency and juxtaposition, between different landscape classes (through cross-transiograms).

     

光照和水分对新宁楼梯草生长的影响

以新宁楼梯草为试验材料,研究了光照和水分对其生长的影响。结果表明,新宁楼梯草在30%光照条件下,日平均生长高度比全光照下大50%;比正常浇水少60%的条件下,日平均高生长量比正常浇水条件下减少46.2%。可见新宁楼梯草具有较强的耐荫性,适合栽植在荫蔽、潮湿的环境下。     

淮北地区高产小麦植株吸氮及土壤供氮特性

1984–1986年在不同施氮水平下,研究了植株吸氮及土壤供氮特性,试验结果：亩产400–450公斤,植株每亩总吸氮量15公斤左右。各生育期植株含氮率为：出苗至分蘖期5%左右,拔节期3%左右,孕穗期2.5%,灌浆期1.8%左右。小麦一生应在分蘖至越冬始期和拔节孕穗期出现两个吸氮高峰,前者约占总吸氮量23%,后者占33.6%。吸氮强度：每日每亩吸氮量以拔节至孕穗期最大,依次为返青至拔节和分蘖至越冬始期;氮的相对积累速率则以分蘖至越冬始期最高,其次是拔节至孕穗期。土壤氮素供应量为18–20公斤/亩;土壤供氮与植株吸氮比值：分蘖期最高为11–12∶1,拔节后为1.6–1.8∶1,孕穗期为1.2∶1。土壤供氮与生育进程之间呈4次方程,据此可求得各生育期土壤供氮指标和补差施氮量。     

Multiple heat and drought events affect grain yield and accumulations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymers in wheat

Spring wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and/or high temperature episodes at spikelet initiation, anthesis or both stages. The stresses modified the early dough stage and maturity, shortened the kernel desiccation period and caused grain yield loss. Plants subjected to stress at the early growth stages had higher grain yields than the non-early-stressed plants when stress reoccurred at anthesis. Concentrations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grain were up-regulated by the single early drought, the early drought combined with late heat and the double drought stress treatments, but was down-regulated by the early heat and double heat stress events. Concentration of glutenin macropolymers was increased by the single early drought episode, the single late drought and heat events, as well as the early drought combined with the late heat stress, but was reduced by the early heat stress and double heat events.     

米老排人工林营养元素积累及其分配格局

对广西宁明县34年生米老排人工林的5种营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)的含量、积累量及其分配特征进行了调查和分析。结果表明:米老排不同器官营养元素含量的变化趋势为树叶>干皮>树枝>树根>干材,树叶和干材各营养元素含量为N>K>Ca>P或Mg,树枝和树根中则是K或Ca>N>Mg>P,干皮为Ca>K>N>P>Mg;米老排人工林营养元素总储存量为1671.74kg/hm2,其中乔木层营养元素储存量(1497.01kg/hm2)占89.55%,灌草层(23.00kg/hm2)和凋落物层(151.73kg/hm2)营养元素储存量分别占1.37%和9.48%;米老排人工林乔木层营养元素年净积累量为44.03kg/(hm2·a),不同养分元素年净积累量的顺序为N>K>Ca>Mg>P,每积累1t干物质需要5种营养元素5.10kg。     

气吸式烟草播种器吸嘴吸附距离的研究

气吸播种能保证播种精度,并且性能稳定可靠.为此,通过ANSYS软件模拟5,10,20,30,40kPa真空度时的吸嘴流场,得到这些真空度所对应的播种器吸嘴吸附距离.并与理论有效吸附距离和实验数据对比,最终确定吸嘴的吸附距离是随着真空度的加大而增大的.     

基于近红外光谱的土壤全氮含量估算模型

土壤全氮是诊断土壤肥力水平和指导作物精确施肥所需的重要信息,建立土壤全氮的近红外光谱估测模型并对建模波段进行优化选择对于土壤养分信息快速获取和精确农业发展具有重要意义。该研究以中国中、东部地区5种主要类型土壤为研究对象,利用近红外光谱仪采集土壤样品的光谱信息,结合近红外区域分子振动特点选取全谱、合频、一倍频、二倍频和N-H基团及其组合的8个波段,采用多元散射校正等多种预处理方法组合进行处理,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)对每个波谱区域进行定标建模。结果表明,利用4000～5500cm-1波谱区域结合附加散射校正处理过的原始光谱建立的模型精度表现最好,其内部互验证决定系数达到0.90,均方根误差为0.16。经不同类型土壤的观测资料检验,模型验证决定系数为0.91,均方根误差为0.15,相对分析误差RPD为3.40,表明模型具有极好的预测能力。因此,利用近红外光谱可以实现土壤全氮的快速估测,且以合频波段(4000～5500cm-1)为建模区域可以得到更好的预测效果。     

缓冲带在减少集约经营雷竹林养分渗漏流失中的作用

<正>雷竹(Phyllostachys praecox f.prevelnalis)是优良的笋用竹种。近二十年来,通过冬季覆盖和重施肥技术,使雷竹笋实现了反季节生产,并使产量上升,从而使竹农获得可观的经济效益。因此,雷竹在浙江的栽培面积不断扩大,已达20000hm2,而且被江苏、安徽等11个省市大量引种栽培。