Responses of methane emissions and rice yield to applications of biochar and straw in a paddy field

Purpose

Directly returning straw back to the paddy field would significantly accelerate methane (CH₄) emission, although it may conserve and sustain soil productivity. The application of biochar (biomass-derived charcoal) in soil has been proposed as a sustainable technology to reduce methane (CH₄) emission and increase crop yield. We compared the effects of either biochar or rice straw addition with a paddy field on CH₄ emission and rice yield.

Materials and methods

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate a single application of rice straw biochar (SC) and bamboo biochar (BC) (at 22.5 t ha^?1) in paddy soil on CH₄ emission and rice yield as compared with the successive application (6 t ha^?1) of rice straw (RS). Soil chemical properties and methanogenic and CH₄ oxidation activities in response to the amendment of biochar and rice straw were monitored to explain possible mechanism.

Results and discussion

SC was more efficient in reducing CH₄ emission from paddy field than BC. Incorporating SC into paddy field could decrease CH₄ emission during the rice growing cycle by 47.30 %–86.43 % compared with direct return of RS. This was well supported by the significant decrease of methanogenic activity in paddy field with SC. In comparison to a non-significant increase with BC or RS application, rice yield was significantly raised with SC amendment by 13.5 % in 2010 and 6.1 % in 2011. An enhancement of available K and P and an improvement in soil properties with SC amendment might be the main contributors to the increased crop yield.

Conclusions

These results indicated that conversion of RS into biochar instead of directly returning it to the paddy field would be a promising method to reduce CH₄ emission and increase rice yield.     

国内外乡村建设实践对我国新农村建设的启示

分析了20世纪国内外乡村建设的成功经验,旨在为我国新农村建设提供借鉴．     

长江中游城市群农业生态效率时空演变及驱动因子研究

农业生态效率研究对真实反映农业经济发展与生态环境保护的协调关系具有重要意义。为科学评价长江中游城市群农业发展并为其策略制定提供依据,基于2000—2017年长江中游城市群各市面板数据,采用含有非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测算农业生态效率,分析其时空演变规律和空间相关性,并通过地理探测器模型对影响农业生态效率的驱动因子进行探测。结果表明:(1)2000—2017年长江中游城市群平均农业生态效率整体水平较高,呈现“降—升—降”的走势,湖南、江西省域与湖北省域差距较大,且地区农业生态效率发展不平衡,区域间差异逐年增大。(2)从空间相关性上看,长江中游城市群农业生态效率全局相关性呈现“随机—聚集”过程,且集聚现象随时间演进逐渐显著,局部空间相关性显示较弱,各相关类型随时间有不同程度的上升趋势,空间相关性逐渐向中心区域集中。(3)农业生态效率受多驱动因子共同作用,不同年份下部分驱动因子变化较大,驱动因子在不同地区对农业生态效率的影响表现出一定的地域性和差异性。长江中游城市群地区农业生态效率存在较大的提升空间,整体差异正在逐渐扩大,各地区应加强联系,采取合理措施促进“两型”农业发展。     

造林整地工程对人工幼林系统径流输移的影响

 为探讨造林整地工程对人工幼林系统坡面水沙输移中的作用及程度,从产流、汇流的机制与理论模型出发,对旱区人工幼林系统地表径流调控的关键途径进行了分析。结果表明,在降雨特性、地形、土壤3大影响坡面产流、汇流的因素中,地形因素是人工调控的关键。在当前技术、经济条件下,通过造林整地,改变微集水区坡长、坡度乃至坡形,是最简单而有效的人工调控手段。对20个不同整地方式人工幼林地田间径流小区和未整地空白对照径流小区的观测表明,鱼鳞坑、水平沟、反坡梯田3种造林整地工程,虽可有效地削减径流向系统外部环境的输移,但其调控径流能力远未达到工程设计要求,其地表径流输移的削减率,在39.92%～65.11%之间,削减率与集水坡长成反相关,3种整地方式中,以反坡梯田整地的削减率最大。造林整地径流小区与传统直线型坡面径流小区对比观测,难以揭示整地对微区坡面产流影响的实质;造林整地工程设计中所期望的拦泥蓄水作用,则因忽略了含沙径流入渗、整地对微区地形与产流、产沙的影响等而被大幅削弱。     

不同类型土壤中甲烷释放特性和产甲烷菌数量的研究

在盆栽条件下,研究了从不同母质发育的6种类型土壤(3种旱土和3种水稻土)种稻时的甲烷释放特性和产甲烷菌数量。结果表明,6种不同类型土壤种稻期问的甲烷释放趋势是一致的,即成活期时甲烷释放量较少,随着生育期的推进,至分蘖盛期达最高,随后又逐渐减少,到分蘖末期后又有回升。不同类型的稻田和旱地土壤在种植水稻后,前者的甲烷释放量明显高于后者。稻田土壤则以pH近中性、有机质含量较高的黄松田土壤甲烷释放量为最多,其次是偏碱性的涂砂田,以偏酸性的老黄筋泥田为最少;旱地土壤淹水种稻后的甲烷释放量是黄松土黄筋泥成泥土。6种土壤淹水而不种稻时甲烷释放量明显低于种稻时的甲烷释放量。6种土壤淹水后不论种稻与否,产甲烷菌的数量是原先为稻田的土壤比原先是旱地的土壤为多。     

Methane oxidation activity and bacterial community composition in a simulated landfill cover soil is influenced by the growth of Chenopodium album L.

Oxygen availability in landfill cover soil is a major limitation to the growth and activity of methanotrophs as methane oxidation is an aerobic microbial process. Plants tolerant to high concentrations of landfill gas (LFG) may play an important role in improving methane oxidation within landfill cover soil and reducing emission of methane, a greenhouse gas, from it. In this study, the effect of an LFG tolerant plant Chenopodium album L. on methane oxidation activity (MOA) and bacterial community composition in landfill cover soil was investigated. Soil samples from four simulated lysimeters with and without LFG and plant vegetation were taken at 4 stages during the plant's development cycle. Results showed that the total number of culturable bacteria in soil could be significantly increased (P < 0.05) by the growth of C. album. The total number of methanotrophs and MOA in soils with LFG was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in soils without LFG on sampling days 90, 150 and 210. The total number of methanotrophs and MOA in lysimeters with LFG added increased in the presence of C. album when the plant entered the seed setting stage. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) gel patterns of 16S rDNA gene fragment and band sequencing analyses showed apparent differences in soil bacterial communities in the presence of LFG and plant vegetation. Members of the genus Methylosarcina were found to be the active and dominant methanotrophs in rhizosphere soil of C. album with LFG, while Methylococcus, Methylocystis, and Methylosinus were the primary methanotroph genera in LFG soil without C. album. Thus, C. album appears to select for specific methanotrophic bacteria in the presence of LFG. Soil MOA and microbial diversity can also be significantly affected by the presence of this plant.     

寒旱地区生态沟渠基质去除氨氮和磷最优配比筛选及影响因素

基质是生态沟渠的重要组成部分,但在我国北方寒旱地区,由于高寒、降雨少、蒸发强等原因,导致土壤和水体中盐度较高,可供选择的基质种类较少,从而限制了生态沟渠技术在该地区的应用。选取天然沸石、麦饭石、无烟煤、炉渣、废砖块5种北方地区常见基质作为试验材料,通过静态吸附试验对选用材料进行氨氮和磷的吸附,并将吸附效果较好的3种基质组合成不同比例的生态沟渠基质试样,再次通过筛选试验确定出去除效果最好的基质比例组合,同时研究了温度、pH和盐度对最优基质组合去除氨氮和磷效果的影响。结果表明:废砖块、天然沸石、炉渣在质量比例为1∶1∶3时对氨氮和磷的去除率最优,均达到90%以上。随着温度的升高,氨氮的吸附量降低,磷的吸附量升高。pH对氨氮和磷的吸附效果有显著的影响,对磷的去除率随着pH升高而降低,对氨氮的去除率随着pH升高呈现先增后减的趋势,在pH=7时,氨氮去除效果最好,去除率为91.78%。氨氮和磷的去除效果均随着溶液盐度的增加而降低,对磷的吸附效果影响不明显,但对氨氮影响较大,表现为盐度低于1%时,溶液中氨氮的去除效果下降幅度并不明显,均在3%左右,而当盐度达到2%时,氨氮的去除率仅有68%,比盐度为0时的去除率(92%)降低了24%。     

基于钵苗运动动力学模型的鸭嘴式移栽机结构优化

为了探究鸭嘴式移栽机因栽植速度提升,导致钵苗倒伏率和漏栽率升高的根本原因,该文试制了纯透明有机玻璃质的鸭嘴式栽植器,并采用高速摄像对钵苗从导苗筒下落至栽植器底部的运动过程进行了试验研究。根据研究结果将钵苗在鸭嘴栽植器内的运动过程分为6个运动阶段,并建立了各运动阶段的动力学模型,得到了钵苗下落过程中与鸭嘴栽植器间的运动受力方程。选取苗龄为40 d,基质成分为草炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=3∶1∶2,钵苗土钵含水率为55%的辣椒钵苗为研究分析及试验对象,以钵苗栽植运动时间为优化目标,对钵苗运动过程动力学模型进行优化,得出了栽植器最佳初始位置及结构参数为:钵苗下落初始位置为(40 mm,350 mm),鸭嘴栽植器上苗杯壁面与竖直面间的夹角为40°,栽植器鸭嘴部分倾角为82°;栽植机构最高转速不超过80 r/min,栽植器初始相位角为25°。通过高速摄像试验对钵苗在改进后栽植器中的运动时间进行了分析,得出钵苗从开始下落至离开栽植器的时间与理论时间基本吻合,且在栽植器运动至栽植位置前钵苗已落至栽植器底部,验证了理论模型的正确性以及参数优化的合理性。该研究可为鸭嘴式移栽机高速栽植转速和结构设计提供参考。     

Effects of Manganese on Uptake and Translocation of Nutrients in a Hyperaccumulator

The effects of manganese (Mn) on the growth and Mn-induced changes in nutrients uptake and translocation in Mn hyperaccumulator Phytolacca acinosa was investigated in this study. Results showed that high Mn (5000 μ M) in culture solution lead to typical Mn toxicity symptoms in leaves of P. acinosa and decrease of dry matter accumulation in shoots whereas there are no obvious toxicity symptoms and significant decrease of dry weight in roots. Manganese accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves increased with the increment of Mn concentration at the medium level. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) concentration in organs of P. acinosa decreased as the Mn concentration in the nutrient solution increased, but the Ca and Mg concentrations were still at a normal level and the Fe concentration at a sufficient level when compared with the normal plants. The Zn concentration affected by higher Mn level occurred only in roots of P. acinosa and the P concentration affected only in stems, whereas there were no significant influences of excess Mn on the potassium (K) and copper (Cu) concentration in organs of P. acinosa.     

甘肃东部地区黑垆土的发育演化模式与发生学特性的时空差异

本文研究了甘肃东部(亦称陇东)黄土塬区黑垆土的发育演化模式及成土速率与成土作用强度的时空变异规律。提出黑垆土叠加剖面的形成依次经历了古土壤发育、新冰期黄土粉尘堆积覆盖、人类耕作堆肥熟化三个阶段。埋藏古土壤普遍形成于距今7500-3500年高温期的温湿草原环境中,南部粘化黑垆土带还存在距今约13800-7500年的古土壤发育阶段,但此时的成土速率比中全新世小。同一阶段的成土速率和成土作用的强度南部比北部大。在新冰期(距今约3000-2500年)中黄土粉尘的加速堆积,是古土壤层被掩埋以及形成覆盖层的直接原因。具有普遍性的人为耕作熟化是在全新世黄土覆盖层上进行的,黑垆土剖面中不可能普遍存在古耕层。