Using urea dilution to standardise components of pleural and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids in the dog

AIM: To develop a technique to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) obtained during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) in the dog, using the urea dilution method.

METHODS: BAL and PL fluids were obtained by saline lavage of pulmonary and pleural cavities of nine clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs immediately after euthanasia. Cell counts in the BAL and PL fluids were measured using standard techniques. The concentration of ELF in each lavage fluid was calculated from the relative concentration of urea in plasma and in each type of lavage fluid. Cell counts in ELF were then calculated.

RESULTS: There were substantially higher cell counts in ELF compared to BAL or PF fluid. However, nucleated cell counts in ELF could not be predicted from cell counts in BAL or PL fluid.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results suggest that accurate assessment of cellular or non-cellular components in lavage fluids should include a calculation of the proportion of ELF recovered, using a method such as urea dilution.     

Baculoviruses as vectors for foreign gene expression in insect cells

Recombinant DNA technology has enabled the expression of a large number of eukaryotic genes in vitro. There has been growing interest in recent years in the development of baculovirus expression vectors as an easily manipulated gene expression system. Both virus and insect cell culture are relatively easy to handle, and biologically active proteins have been produced abundantly from a variety of eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral genes. This review describes the molecular biology of baculoviruses and some of the current applications of the baculovirus expression system in insect cells. Specific emphasis is placed on those features relevant to the use of this system in pesticide research.     

Glyphosate injury on Cyperus esculent us leaves and basal bulbs: histological study

The effect of glyphosate on leaves and basal bulbs of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) plants was studied. Treatment with glyphosate did not affect leaf anatomy, although light necrotic spots were seen on the veins. In contrast, basal bulb organization was greatly affected with large necrotic zones and disorganization in the vascular cylinder due to herbicide accumulation. Depletion or disappearance of vacuolar phenols was observed in bulbs of plants treated with the highest doses of glyphosate. The most remarkable effect of glyphosate was the appearance of one layer of sclerenchymatic cells between root and rhizome primordia and the cortical tissues which could play an important role in the inhibition of rhizome and root emergence by the herbicide.     

米勒时间

企业扩张、兼并及战略调整,如同行船时方向调整一样需要一个过渡期,这个过渡期在米勒啤酒品牌调整经历的过程中被称为“米勒时间”或者被曲棍球行家们称为“曲辊球效应”。通俗地告诫是,企业的扩张行为需要时间,需要考虑原有的产品市场……     

A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from africa and the evolution of spinosaurids

Fossils discovered in Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) rocks in the Tenere Desert of central Niger provide new information about spinosaurids, a peculiar group of piscivorous theropod dinosaurs. The remains, which represent a new genus and species, reveal the extreme elongation and transverse compression of the spinosaurid snout. The postcranial bones include blade-shaped vertebral spines that form a low sail over the hips. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the enlarged thumb claw and robust forelimb evolved during the Jurassic, before the elongated snout and other fish-eating adaptations in the skull. The close phylogenetic relationship between the new African spinosaurid and Baryonyx from Europe provides evidence of dispersal across the Tethys seaway during the Early Cretaceous.     

后备小母牛限饲的可行性

<正>因为要在佛罗里达反刍动物营养讨论会上做一个题为《小母牛限饲方案》的报告,笔者查阅了大量的相关文献,对此有了较深的认识,本文是该报告的梗概。过去的40年里,生长小母牛的饲养方案经历了多个阶段