Effect of Steeping Conditions on Wet-Milling Characteristics of Hard Red Winter Wheat

A batch-wise small-scale wet-processing laboratory for whole wheat kernel has been designed and constructed to produce wheat starch and gluten from wheat grains. Hard red winter wheat kernels were steeped in three steeping media: SO₂ solution, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Acid concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%, were used for SO₂ solutions and hydrochloric acid, and 0.1, 0.6, and 3.0% for lactic acid. After 16, 20, and 24 hr of steeping, the wheat was wet-milled. Yields and protein contents of wet-milling fractions were compared. Both high concentration of steeping media and long steeping time increased the starch yield and decreased the protein contents of the starch. However, the steeping time and acid concentration could be reduced from 24 to 20 hr and from 0.5 to 0.3%, respectively, without any statistically significant difference in starch yields or protein contents of the starch. Consistency and color of the starch were affected by both steeping time and acid concentrations of steeping media.     

Forest biomass and root–shoot allocation in northeast China

Temperate and boreal forests act as major sinks for atmospheric CO₂. To assess the magnitude and distribution of the sinks more precisely, an accurate estimation of forest biomass is required. However, the determinants of large-scale biomass pattern (especially root biomass) are still poorly understood for these forests in China. In this study, we used 515 field measurements of biomass across the northeast part of China, to examine factors affecting large-scale biomass pattern and root–shoot biomass allocation. Our results showed that, Picea & Abies forest and coniferous & broadleaf mixed forest had the highest mean biomass (178–202 Mg/ha), while Pinus sylvestris forest the lowest (78 Mg/ha). The root:shoot (R/S) biomass ratio ranged between 0.09 and 0.67 in northeast China, with an average of 0.27. Forest origin (primary/secondary/planted forest) explained 31–37% of variation in biomass (total, shoot and root), while climate explained only 8–15%, reflecting the strong effect of disturbance on forest biomass. Compared with shoot biomass, root biomass was less limited by precipitation as a result of biomass allocation change. R/S ratio was negatively related to water availability, shoot biomass, stand age, height and volume, suggesting significant effects of climate and ontogeny on biomass allocation. Root–shoot biomass relationships also differed significantly between natural and planted forests, and between broadleaf and coniferous forests. Shoot biomass, climate and forest origin were the most important predictors for root biomass, and together explained 83% of the variation. This model provided a better way for estimating root biomass than the R/S ratio method, which predicted root biomass with a R² of 0.71.     

内蒙古典型草原草畜系统适宜放牧率的研究Ⅰ.以绵羊增重及经济效益为管理目标

(1)绵羊个体增重与放牧率呈线性负相关,个体最大增重临界放牧率,因季节不同而变化,随着个体增重与放牧率回归系数b绝对值的增大而降低,以始、终放牧期间所得临界放牧率最小,(2.04羊/hm²)。(2)公顷增重与放牧率的关系符合二次曲线,在达到公顷最大增重以前,随着放牧率的增大而增大,之后则随着放牧率的增大而下降,平均543羊/hm²。(3)公顷最大增重并不一定获取公顷最大利润,主要视买卖价格及其差值而定。(4)以冷蒿小禾草为主的退化草原,宜以个体最大增重的适宜放牧率作为管理标准,以使该类草原在利用中得以恢复。     

无核葡萄干护色保绿技术试验

采用不同试剂处理在不同程度上能够缩短葡萄制干期 ,提高绿级品率 ;促干剂处理仍是目前效果较好的处理方式 ;利用太阳能集热式干燥荫棚 ,在葡萄成熟较晚 ,制干期气温降低较快的地区 ,可大大缩短制干周期 ,提高产品绿级品率。     

Both TGF-β1 and Smad4 regulate type I collagen expression in the muscle of grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - Type I collagen is proven to make an important contribution to fish muscle quality. Our previous study has shown the Smad4-dependent regulation of type I collagen...     

新柴牌中大功率农机动力的开发

在N,D,K等3个系列产品平台上整合开发了18.4～58.8kW中大功率农机动力,目的是有一个相对较宽的产品链来配套中大功率拖拉机及相应功率要求的联合收割机。其产品开发的重点:一是功率谱完整,即通过缸径冲程的组合设计,力求在同一条生产线上制造不同功率的产品;二是同系列同缸心距扩排量带来的结构可靠性开发,主要是缸套-活塞环的可靠性开发及曲轴与轴承的可靠性开发,满足农用动力特殊工况和工作环境的可靠性开发;三是满足国内非道路移动机械二阶段排放要求的性能开发,特别是PM,NOx和燃油消耗之间的折中,重点是在经济成本的条件下对燃烧系统和燃油系统的优化开发。     

叶片出口角对离心泵性能曲线形状的影响

采用FLUENT,在多重参考坐标系下,利用有限体积法对雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程进行数值离散,选用标准k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC方法求解,对4台不同比转速离心泵在不同叶片出口角下的内部流场进行了叶轮和蜗壳的多工况耦合数值模拟,研究了叶片出口角对离心泵扬程曲线和效率曲线的影响并进行了实验验证.研究给出了性能曲线随叶片出口角变化的规律并指出叶片出口角的改变对高比转速泵的扬程和效率曲线形状影响最为明显.研究结果对离心泵的选型和性能改进具有一定的指导意义.     

国内外农业信息化建设对佳木斯地区的启示

分析借鉴国内外农业信息化建设的经验,对加快实现佳木斯地区农业的信息化具有重要意义.为此,当前世界上农业信息化建设工作比较发达的欧美国家信息化建设的工作经验;分析了开展此项工作相对较晚的亚洲国家农业信息化建设的情况以及我国近年来农业信息化工作的情况.由此得出国内外经验给佳木斯地区开展农业信息化建设工作的4点启示:一是发挥政府的宏观调控职能是开展好农业信息化建设的保障;二是健全基础设施是开展好农业信息化建设的前提;三是搞好信息数据库建设是开展好农业信息化建设的基础;四是做好科研、教育和推广的有机结合是开展好农业信息化建设的必然.     

城市隧道事故车辆“快递”装置

近年来隧道作为城市道路的一种形式大量建设,并作为城市快速路或主干路的一部分。隧道内一旦发生事故,事故地点将成为交通瓶颈,通行能力急剧下降,若不及时清除事故车辆,易导致隧道及相邻路网的严重瘫痪。本文结合南京市玄武湖隧道,设计隧道内事故车辆的快速运输装置,旨在对事故车辆进行"快递",将事故的时间损失降到最低,尽快恢复隧道畅通。     

大豆浓缩蛋白在仔猪饲料中的应用

大豆浓缩蛋白(soybean protein concentrates,SPC)是以大豆为原料,经过粉碎、去皮、浸提、分离、洗涤、干燥等加工工艺,去除大豆中的油脂、低分子可溶性非蛋白组分(主要是可溶性糖、灰分、醇溶蛋白和各种气味物质等)后所得到的大豆深加工产品。蛋白质含量高,食品级SPC一般不低于70%(干物质基础),故又称70%蛋白粉。由于消除了寡聚糖类胀气因子、胰蛋白酶抑制因子、凝集素和皂甙等抗营养因子,营养素消化率有一定程度的提高,而且改善了产品风味和品质。从NRC(1998)的数据来看,其氨基酸的表观消化率甚至普遍高于脱脂奶粉和血浆蛋白粉(见表1)…