柠檬花精油挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

[目的]对柠檬8份种质资源的花进行精油提取和成分分析鉴定,分析8种柠檬花精油挥发性成分组成差异和相似度,为柠檬花资源的开发利用、不同种质柠檬亲缘关系鉴定及优质柠檬种质的筛选提供基础数据.[方法]利用水蒸气蒸馏法对福建省泉州市国家农业科技园区果蔬园柠檬良种筛选圃内尤力克、费米耐劳、印度大果、越南四季柠檬、台湾香水柠檬、漳州本地柠檬、北京柠檬和江苏2号等8份种质资源的花进行精油提取,运用气相色谱—质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析和鉴定其挥发性成分,并采用SPSS 22.0进行相似度分析.[结果]8份柠檬花精油出油率为0.052%~0.139%.共鉴定出151种挥发性成分,其中萜烯类52种、醇类47种、酯类15种、醛类11种、酮类10种、烷烃类7种、酚类4种、其他5种.尤力克共鉴定出挥发性成分54种,费米耐劳67种,印度大果27种,越南四季柠檬78种,台湾香水柠檬27种,漳州本地柠檬45种,北京柠檬42种,江苏2号42种.8份柠檬花精油共有成分8种,分别为D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯、柠檬醛、芳樟醇、α-松油醇和香叶醇;特异性成分78种,其中尤力克6种、费米耐劳19种、印度大果2种、越南四季柠檬29种、台湾香水柠檬4种、漳州本地柠檬3种、北京柠檬7种、江苏2号8种.柠檬花精油中以萜烯类(35.29%~80.81%)、醇类(7.91%~43.04%)和醛类(0.19%~14.67%)相对含量较多,其中萜烯类中相对含量较高的有D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯和3-蒈烯,醇类中相对含量较高的有合金欢醇和芳樟醇,醛类中相对含量较高的是柠檬醛.8份柠檬花精油间关系最近的是北京柠檬与江苏2号,相似度为0.996,最远的是越南四季柠檬与台湾香水柠檬,相似度为0.650.[结论]不同柠檬花精油出油率和成分的差异反映柠檬不同种质间的遗传差异.同时,柠檬花精油中含有的成分具有良好的开发和应用价值.     

枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1与化学杀菌剂复配对橡胶树炭疽病菌的抑菌活性

[目的]探究枯草芽孢杆菌与化学杀菌剂协同防治橡胶炭疽病的可行性,构建由生防菌与化学杀菌剂组成的菌药复配剂,为橡胶炭疽病的可持续防治提供科学依据.[方法]以6种化学杀菌剂(咪鲜胺、百菌清、根康、嘧霉胺、丙环唑和嘧菌酯)及2株菌株(枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1和橡胶胶孢炭疽菌RC178)为试验材料,采用菌丝生长速率法测定6种化学杀菌剂对RC178的室内毒力,稀释平板涂布法测定6种杀菌剂与Czk1的相容性,抑菌圈法测定Czk1对RC178的室内毒力,Horsfall法明确菌药的复配方案.[结果]室内毒力测定研究结果显示,6种杀菌剂中咪鲜胺对RC178的抑菌效果最好,其有效抑制中浓度(EC50)仅为0.0778μg/mL,其次为百菌清和根康,EC50分别为0.4694和0.4733μg/mL.化学杀菌剂与Czk1的相容性测定结果表明,嘧霉胺、嘧菌酯、丙环唑、根康和咪鲜胺与Czk1的相容性均较好,其中根康在中高浓度下还能促进Czk1菌落数量的增长.将浓度为4.75×107 CFU/mL的Czk1分别与浓度为10.4733μg/mL的根康和浓度为0.0778μg/mL的咪鲜胺混配,Czk1:根康=7:3(v/v)时对RC178抑制的增效作用最强,增效比率(IR)为1.36;Czk1:咪鲜胺=8:2(v/v)时对RC178抑制的增效作用最强,IR为1.65.[结论]枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1与咪鲜胺和根康具有较好的相容性,Czk1发酵液分别与咪鲜胺和根康复配对橡胶炭疽病菌RC178的抑菌活性具有明显增效作用,具有开发成菌药制剂的潜力.     

双位加热消解—电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定树仔菜中7种元素的含量

[目的]研究双位加热消解—电感耦合等离子体质谱(双位加热消解—ICP-MS)的前处理和检测方法,并测定树仔菜中7种元素含量,建立一种测定树仔菜元素的简便、高效、准确方法,为科学开发树仔菜提供参考依据.[方法]比较分析双位加热消解—ICP-MS和微波消解—ICP-MS的空白背景值、检出限、准确度和精密度,考察消解条件(消解温度、赶酸温度和消解时间)对测定树仔菜中铜含量的影响,并通过正交试验确定最佳消解条件,建立双位加热消解—ICP-MS测定树仔菜中铅、镉、铬、砷、镍、铜和锌7种微量元素含量的方法.[结果]双位加热消解—ICP-MS和微波消解—ICP-MS的空白值与检出限均较低,但双位加热消解—ICP-MS测定的元素铬、镍、铜和锌检出限均低于微波消解—ICP-MS,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01,下同).微波消解—ICP-MS测定标准物质GSB-26芹菜、GSB-12豆角和GSB-13蒜粉的准确度及精密度的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.0%;双位加热消解—ICP-MS准确度和精密度的RSD≤2.6%,低于微波消解—ICP-MS,差异达极显著水平,且测定结果更接近标准值.消解温度130℃下消解2.0 h后赶酸温度200℃为双位加热消解树仔菜的最佳消解条件,在此消解条件下ICP-MS测得树仔菜中铅、镉、铬、砷、镍、铜和锌7种元素含量分别为0.0790、0.0404、0.0350、0.00560、1.16、1.18和7.88 mg/kg.[结论]双位加热消解—ICP-MS具有操作简便、快速、检出限低、准确度和精密度高等优点,适用于树仔菜中铅、镉、铬、砷、镍、铜和锌含量的同时测定.     

绿肥、蚕沙有机肥配施化肥对免耕稻田土壤碳库平衡的影响

[目的]探索免耕稻田绿肥、蚕沙有机肥投入对土壤有机碳积累及CO2和CH4排放的影响,为保护性耕作稻田土壤碳固持及稻田减肥增效的农业有机资源可持续利用提供理论依据.[方法]在前期粉垄与常规耕作基础上,2018—2019年连续开展田间免耕试验,在同等养分投入条件下,设置绿肥、蚕沙有机肥与化肥配施模式,以常规施用化肥为对照,同步设不施肥空白对照,保护性耕作试验第2年,采用分离式静态箱—气象色谱法测定稻田温室气体CO2和CH4排放通量,同时在水稻返青期、分蘖期、齐穗期和收获期采集0~15 cm耕层土壤,测定土壤有机碳含量.[结果]在粉垄免耕模式下,蚕沙有机肥配施化肥处理耕层土壤有机碳含量在返青期和分蘖期较常规免耕模式提高56%和19%;水稻返青期、分蘖期、齐穗期和收获期粉垄免耕稻田绿肥配施化肥处理的土壤有机碳含量较单施化肥处理分别提高111%、30%、74%和31%,较不施肥处理分别提高90%、22%、58%和22%;蚕沙有机肥配施化肥处理较单施化肥处理分别提高148%、90%、48%和39%,较不施肥处理分别提高113%、78%、35%和29%.粉垄免耕模式下,与单施化肥处理相比,绿肥配施化肥处理的CO2累积排放量降低16.9%,蚕沙有机肥配施化肥处理降低15.1%;CH4排放通量出现2个峰值,常规免耕和粉垄免耕模式下,绿肥配施化肥处理的CH4排放通量峰值分别是单施化肥处理的7.69和7.61倍.绿肥和蚕沙有机肥配施化肥降低了稻田土壤CO2累积排放量,增加了CH4累积排放量.[结论]粉垄免耕稻田施用绿肥、蚕沙有机肥利于土壤有机碳积累,减少CO2温室气体排放,可作为一种稻田土壤固碳减排可持续生产应用技术.     

秸秆覆盖还田对桑园土壤生物学性状及其细菌群落结构的影响

[目的]分析秸秆覆盖还田对桑园土壤肥力及其细菌多样性的影响,阐明秸秆覆盖还田技术对南方桑园土壤肥力及健康的影响机制与应用前景,为构建稳定高产、可持续发展的桑树栽培管理体系提供参考依据.[方法]设秸秆覆盖还田桑园和对照桑园(非秸秆覆盖还田桑园)2个处理,其中,秸秆覆盖还田处理是将水稻秸秆切碎、自然堆沤50~60 d后覆盖于桑树根系两旁,覆盖45 d后分别采集秸秆覆盖还田桑园和对照桑园的土壤样品,利用传统的测定方法和Illumina高通量测序技术分析秸秆覆盖还田对桑园土壤生物学性状及土壤细菌群落结构特征的影响.[结果]秸秆覆盖还田桑园土壤β-葡糖苷酶、氨肽酶和磷酸酶活性及土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物生物量磷(MBP)含量均显著高于对照桑园土壤(P<0.05,下同);秸秆覆盖还田桑园土壤的菌群Chao1和Shannon指数也显著高于对照桑园土壤.在秸秆覆盖还田桑园和对照桑园土壤中相对丰度大于1.00%的优势细菌门分类数量均为11个,但二者的优势细菌门分类组成比例存在一定差异;相对于对照桑园土壤,秸秆覆盖还田桑园土壤中Bac-teroidota的相对丰度急剧增加,而绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和Verrucomicrobiota的相对丰度急剧下降.在秸秆覆盖还田桑园和对照桑园土壤中相对丰度大于1.00%的优势细菌属分类数量分别为23和24个;与对照桑园土壤相比,秸秆覆盖还田桑园土壤中虽然慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、假双头斧形菌属(Pseudolabrys)、Dongia、Candidatus_Udaeo-bacter和norank_f_JG30-KF-AS9等优势细菌属部分缺失,但富集了类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、norank_f_Methyloli-gellaceae、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和微枝形杆菌属(Microvirga)等特有优势菌属.秸秆覆盖还田桑园土壤的特有细菌属为199个、特有细菌种为390个,分别是对照桑园土壤特有细菌属和细菌种的3.75和2.52倍.[结论]秸秆覆盖还田不仅显著提高桑园土壤肥力,还改变桑园土壤优势细菌不同(门、属)分类水平的组成比例,形成更丰富多样的土壤细菌群落结构,而有助于维护桑园土壤健康.     

潍坊市蓝莓主要虫害及无公害防治方法

随着蓝莓面积增长,虫害对我市蓝莓的影响逐渐明显。从生态安全和食品安全出发,无公害 防治方法有利于环境保护,也能保证给消费者提供优质安全的蓝莓产品。本文总结了潍坊市蓝莓主 要虫害的发生种类、发生特点,并提出了各虫害的无公害防治方法。     

Phenolic extract of Morchella angusticeps peck inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro by inducing the signal transduction pathway of p38/MAPK

Morchella angusticeps Peck, one of the most popular edible mushrooms, has attracted great attention due to its delicious taste and healthy properties. However, both its biological effects and the possible mechanism of action have not yet been known. We investigated the anti-proliferative activity of the phenolic extract derived from Morchella angusticeps Peck (MPE) against HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Results showed that MPE at non-cytotoxicity doses significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner with inhibitory rates ranging from 18 to 90% (P<0.01). The possible mechanism might be that MPE induced apoptosis through initiating the mitochondrial death pathway by regulating Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3. On the other hand, MPE might trigger cell cycle arrest at G₀/G₁/S phases by managing p21, Cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinases-4 (CDK4) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Additionally, MPE downregulated TRAF-2 and p-p53, while upregulated p-ASK1 and p-p38. Therefore, it could be inferred that MPE might induce the anti-proliferative function to HepG2 cells through the p38/MAPK signal transduction pathway.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.