农田木麻黄防护林网更新技术研究

通过沿海沙地农田防护林网中的木麻黄更新试验,结果认为:福建沿海农田木麻黄防护林更新迹地的沙壤都比较贫瘠且普遍存在P元素的缺乏;补充元素技术可有效地促进更新林带的生长;木麻黄优良无性系的利用能提高更新林带的保存率和生长量;农田木麻黄防护林带更新配套技术的实施可取得良好的更新效果,防护效能也得到了很大的提高。     

叶色白化水稻突变体转绿中若干生理与叶绿体发育特型的研究

以水稻白化转绿型叶色突变体及其野生型亲本为材料,研究突变体转绿过程中叶片相关生理特性及其叶绿体发育超微结构变化.研究结果表明:突变体随着叶色转绿,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量增加、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,突变体叶色在完全转绿后,SOD活性电泳中出现了清晰的Fe-SOD谱带;突变体在2叶1心期,叶肉细胞内都是囊状空泡,没有叶绿体,而野生型亲本叶肉细胞内已具有大量叶绿体存在;突变体6叶1心期,叶肉内可以观察到叶绿体的存在,但叶绿体形态不规则或畸形;野生型亲本叶绿体可以直接由前质体正常发育而来,而突变体的叶绿体发育经历了“前质体-白色体-叶绿体”的过程,其叶绿体发育明显滞后.     

赣北棉区杂交棉不同密度对比试验研究

 针对赣北棉区杂交棉栽植密度过稀的问题而开展油后移栽棉密度筛选试验。结果表明：赣北棉区油后移栽杂交棉的适宜密度为2.25万～2.48万株·hm^-2。     

Skeletal deformities associated with nutritional congenital rickets in newborn lambs

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: A group of 545 pregnant rising 2-year-old Coopdale ewes on a Southland sheep farm were grazed over winter on a fodder beet (Beta vulgaris) crop. Subsequently, 45 out of approximately 750 lambs were born with a variety of skeletal deformities, including shortened limbs, varus and valgus angular limb deformities, palmar grade stance and cranial bowing of the carpus. Analysis of the crop showed the fodder beet contained a low percentage of phosphorus. In addition, 60 out of 460 rising 2-year-old ewes that had been grazed on the fodder beet crop as 1-year-olds had incisor abnormalities and malocclusion.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Two affected lambs (1-day-old and 3-days-old) with representative clinical signs examined postmortem were found to have markedly enlarged costochondral junctions, and noticeably enlarged long bone metaphyses. In addition, one lamb had a dense band of metaphyseal sclerosis beneath the physes of all long bones examined. Histopathological findings included small islands and columns of chondrocytes and eosinophilic cartilage matrix present in the metaphysis. Metaphyseal trabeculae were disorganised and often lined by accumulations of pale pink osteoid; similar pale pink osteoid was also present in the cortices. Unerupted molar teeth in the affected lambs lacked a layer of enamel, and the dentine was irregular with globular basophilia.

DIAGNOSIS: The gross and histopathological lesions were consistent with a diagnosis of rickets.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nutritional congenital rickets has not been previously diagnosed in sheep, but is a recognised disease of human infants with vitamin D deficient mothers. The rickets in affected lambs was most likely associated with phosphorus deficiency as a result of the pregnant ewes grazing fodder beet during gestation. While vitamin D deficiency was not definitively ruled out in these cases, practitioners are alerted to the possible effects of feeding phosphorus-deficient fodder beet to ewes for long periods during gestation and to 1-year-old sheep during important growth periods.     

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI in a Miniature Poodle-type dog caused by a deletion in the arylsulphatase B gene

Abstract

AIM: To investigate and characterise an inborn error of metabolism in a dog with skeletal and ocular abnormalities.

METHODS: A 2.5-year-old small male Miniature Poodle-like dog was presented with gross joint laxity and bilateral corneal opacities. Clinical examination was augmented by routine haematology, serum chemistry, radiographs, pathology, enzymology and molecular genetic studies. Euthanasia was requested when the dog was 3 years of age because of progressively decreasing quality of life.

RESULTS: Radiology revealed generalised epiphyseal dysplasia, malformed vertebral bodies, luxation/subluxation of appendicular and lumbosacral joints with hypoplasia of the odontoid process and hyoid apparatus. These clinical and radiographic findings, together with a positive urinary Berry spot test for mucopolysaccharides, and metachromatic granules in leucocytes, were indicative of a mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), a lysosomal storage disease. Histological lesions included vacuolation of stromal cells of the cornea, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, macrophages and renal cells. The brain was essentially normal except for moderate secondary Wallerian-type degeneration in motor and sensory tracts of the hind brain. Dermatan sulphate-uria was present and enzymology revealed negligible activity of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphatase, also known as arylsulphatase B, in cultured fibroblasts and liver tissue. A novel homozygous 22 base pair (bp) deletion in exon 1 of this enzyme's gene was identified (c.103_124del), which caused aframe-shift and subsequent premature stop codon. The “Wisdom pure breed-mixed breed” test reported the dog as a cross between a Miniature and Toy Poodle.

CONCLUSIONS: The clinicopathological features are similar to those of MPS type VI as previously described in dogs, cats and other species, and this clinical diagnosis was confirmed by enzymology and molecular genetic studies. This is an autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disease.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The prevalence of MPS VI in Miniature or Toy Poodles in New Zealand and elsewhere is currently unknown. Due to the congenital nature of the disorder, malformed pups may be subject to euthanasia without investigation and the potential genetic problem in the breed may not be fully recognised. The establishment of a molecular genetic test now permits screening for this mutation as a basis to an informed breeding policy.     

Descriptive epidemiological study of the use of antimicrobial drugs by companion animal veterinarians in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To describe the patterns of use of antimicrobial drugs by veterinary surgeons treating commonly presented bacterial infections in companion animals in New Zealand.

METHODS: A postal survey of 800 randomly selected companion animal veterinarians practicing in New Zealand was conducted between August and December 2008. Data were collected regarding the antimicrobials prescribed for recent cases of skin, ear and urinary tract infections; the use of culture and susceptibility testing; and veterinarian characteristics such as proportion of time spent treating companion animals and recent attendance at continuing professional development (CPD) events. Potential associations within the data were explored using extended mosaic plots and multivariable regression models.

RESULTS:Completed surveys from 393 respondents were available for analysis, providing data on systemic antimicrobial drug use for 1,799 cases of presumptive bacterial infections. The most frequently prescribed drugs were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (864 cases, 48%), cephalexin (558, 31%), and fluoroquinolones (198, 11%). Of 359 cases of canine superficial pyoderma, 157 (44%) were treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 155 (43%) were treated with cephalexin with median reported treatment durations of 7 and 10 days, for these two drugs respectively. Culture and susceptibility tests had been used in 376 of 1,984 (19%) of all reported cases and 160 (43%) of these were suspected urinary tract infections. Practitioners that spent 100% of their time treating companion animals and who had attended a CPD course related to companion animals within the 12 months prior to completing the survey were more likely to submit a sample for culture and susceptibility testing and to prescribe longer courses of antimicrobials for the treatment of canine pyoderma than practitioners who spent less than 100% of their time treating companion animals and had not attended a CPD course in the last 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS: Broad-spectrum drugs considered by the World Health Organisation to be critically important for human health, such as fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, are amongst the most frequently prescribed antimicrobials in companion animal medicine, and these drugs are often prescribed without submitting a sample for culture and susceptibility testing.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Many cases of superficial pyoderma were treated for less than the recommended duration of 21 days, which may contribute to a higher rate of recurrent pyoderma and the development of drug resistance within the causal bacteria. Veterinarians should be aware that the use of fluoroquinolones, in particular, should be based upon the results of a culture and susceptibility test.     

利用CRISPR技术鉴定拟南芥miR171a的功能

miRNA是一段长约21 nt的RNA小分子,能够影响多种植物生理生化功能。CRISPR/Cas9是近年发展的可以靶向编辑DNA序列的技术,已广泛应用于多种植物。miR171a是一类保守的miRNA家族,参与对植物生长发育和逆境胁迫的调控。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术鉴定拟南芥miR171a的功能,结果表明基因编辑拟南芥株系中的miR171a表达量降低,靶基因SCL22表达量上调。干旱处理后基因编辑拟南芥株系中的脯氨酸含量上升幅度小于野生型。基因编辑拟南芥株系的叶绿素含量有不同程度的降低,株高和生长势增强。干旱胁迫结果显示对miR171的抑制使得拟南芥抗旱能力减弱,表明利用CRISPR技术鉴定miRNA的功能是有效的。     

粤北地区杉木真菌性病害种类

对粤北地区 ( 小坑林场、龙山林场、大坑山林场 ) 杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）真菌性病害进行全面调查,共采集 86 份标本,分离病组织获得菌株 162 份,主要归属于炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）、拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotiopsis）、腐皮壳属（Diaporthe）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、黑孢菌属（Nigrospora）、拟茎点霉属（Phomopsis）、叶点霉属（Phyllosticta）以及散斑壳属（Lophodermium）等。根据病害症状粤北地区主要杉木病害包括：杉木立枯病、杉木炭疽病、杉木溃疡病、杉木顶枯病、杉木梢枯病、杉木赤枯病、杉木球果坏死。各林场杉木林中,杉木炭疽病普遍发生、分布广;种子园中杉木球果病害危害严重,直接影响球果的产量和质量;在大坑山林场 4-5 年生的林分中,杉木顶枯病大面积发生,但在其它地区少有发生;此外,杉木溃疡病、杉木赤枯病和杉木立枯病在个别无性系或者苗圃中零星发生,但危害较轻。     

‘无子瓯柑’CHS基因家族的克隆和表达分析

为研究查尔酮合成酶基因（CHS）家族在‘无子瓯柑’Citrus suavissima‘Seedless’雄性不育发生过程中的作用,以克里曼丁橘Citrus clementina基因组数据库为参照,在‘无子瓯柑’和瓯柑Citrus suavissima的转录组和蛋白质组测序结果中筛选出4个CHS同源差异表达基因,并对其克隆和表达量分析,对克里曼丁橘CHS基因家族成员进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:‘无子瓯柑’和瓯柑CHS基因编码区核苷酸序列相似度达98%以上。小孢子母细胞发育各时期CHS基因表达量在瓯柑和‘无子瓯柑’间差异显著。与瓯柑相比,‘无子瓯柑’小孢子母细胞时期Ciclev10005133m,Ciclev10030093m和Ciclev10015535m的表达量显著下调;减数分裂时期Ciclev10005133m,Ciclev10001405m和Ciclev10015535m的表达量显著下调;四分体时期Ciclev10001405m和Ciclev10030093m的表达量显著减少。在花粉粒成熟时期的花蕾中,Ciclev10001405m与Ciclev10005133m在花药中特异性表达。CHS同源基因在花药不同时期中的差异表达可能是‘无子瓯柑’花药发育异常的重要原因,并最终导致‘无子瓯柑’雄性不育。     

灵芝孢子粉总三萜的提取优化及其体外生物活性

对灵芝孢子粉总三萜的提取过程进行优化,以得率为指标,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验筛选出影响灵芝孢子粉总三萜得率的显著因素,利用响应面设计优化灵芝孢子粉总三萜的提取条件。对于提取出的灵芝孢子粉总三萜,评价其清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和ABTS⁺自由基的方法,并采用CCK-8比色法就其抗人肝癌细胞HepG-2增殖的活性进行研究。结果表明,最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数80%,固液比1:23,超声功率540 W,提取温度40 ℃,提取时间60 min。此优化条件下提取的灵芝孢子粉总三萜具有较好的抗氧化能力,清除ABTS⁺的能力强于清除DPPH,对人肝癌细胞HepG-2亦具有一定的抑制作用。