黄羊滩风蚀沙地地表风蚀量的研究

该文通过对黄羊滩不同类型风蚀沙地的地表风蚀的观测表明,地表风蚀量受地表植被盖度影响较大,地表风蚀量以植被盖度10%以下的沙化林草地为最大,沙化农田次之,这两者为主要沙尘来源,其风蚀沙化量远高于植被盖度10%以上的沙化林草地,是当前防沙治沙工程实施的重点。     

基于主成分分析不同种养模式下的土壤肥力评价

为探究不同种养模式对稻田土壤肥力的贡献,筛选出适合推广的生态种养模式。在韶关市仁化县扶溪镇紫岭村水稻田开展了 2 年田间试验,设置水稻单作(CK)、油稻轮作(T1)、鸭稻共作(T2)和油 稻鸭模式(T3)4 个处理,分析水稻种植后不同处理土壤机械组成、容重、pH、有机质、有机碳、全氮、 碳氮比、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的差异。结果发现,与 CK 相比,T3 处理土壤容重、pH、碳氮比显著下降(降 幅分别为 24.63%、8.78%、23.98%),土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均显著提高(增幅 依次为 21.66%、21.66%、57.75%、24.64%、20.81%、26.43%);T2 处理土壤容重、pH、碳氮比显著下降(降幅依 次为 19.34%、8.78%、16.01%),土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾均显著增加(增幅依次为 15.19%、 15.19%、36.31%、17.02%、18.81%);T1 处理土壤容重显著下降(降幅 11.95%),土壤 pH、有机质、有机碳、 全氮、碳氮比、碱解氮显著增加(增幅依次为 3.03%、11.29%、11.29%、7.01%、4.76%、10.49%)。主成分分析 结果显示土壤肥力综合排名:T3>T2>T1>CK。因此,T3 处理更有利于改善稻田土壤各项理化指标,土壤培肥效果 最好。     

作物种植对梯田土壤肥力要素演变的影响

作物梯田种植是减少丘陵坡地水土流失、提高土壤生产力的有效措施。为探究不同作物种植对梯田土壤肥力变化的影响,以梯田撂荒、花生、黄花菜、油茶、苎麻土壤为研究对象,于2010年末开始小区试验,通过对梯田种植5、10年的土壤样品进行养分指标测定、分析。结果表明：（1）丘陵梯田种植5年土壤pH略有降低,10年后均有了显著提高,其中以油茶种植提升效果最为显著。（2）5、10年数据结果显示,梯田种植土壤pH与土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾多个指标呈现出显著/极显著负相关关系。（3）不同作物种植显著提升了土壤肥力,前5年土壤肥力处于迅速提升阶段,5～10年处于稳定阶段,土壤有机质提升效果从高到低分别为苎麻、黄花菜、撂荒、花生、油茶,最高为14.80 g/kg,最低为10.25 g/kg,均比初始土壤有机质含量7.59 g/kg显著提高。（4）土壤肥力状况主成分分析主要以梯田种植年限为因子进行聚集,其次以不同作物种植进行聚集,梯田措施影响程度大于不同作物种植措施。梯田和作物种植措施共同决定土壤肥力的提升,其中苎麻处理土壤肥力提升效果最好。本研究为南方丘陵区土壤肥力提升与梯田可持续发展提供科学依据...     

提高临武县脐橙产业竞争力的对策

临武是国家规划的优势脐橙区域湘南产业带重点县。分析了临武发展脐橙的比较优势、产业基础及存在的问题。从品种定位、无公害生产基地建设、完善技术网络、加大技术推广力度以及产业化经营等方面,对提高临武脐橙产业竞争力进行了探讨。     

一种丹参新病害的病原菌鉴定及致病力测定

调查发现河北省安国市丹参生产区发生一种丹参新病害.为有效防治该病害,开展了丹参新病害病原菌分离鉴定及致病力测定.采用常规组织分离法,从丹参病株中分离并单孢纯化获得15个真菌分离物.柯赫氏法则证明这15个真菌分离物可造成丹参组培苗表现与田间病株相似症状,并分离获得了与丹参病株初分离物菌落形态相同的真菌菌株.显微观察发现1...     

七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1 基因克隆及其在嗜水气单胞菌胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】克隆七彩神仙鱼（Symphysodon aequifasciatus）嗜乳脂蛋白 1A1（Butyrophilin 1A1, BTN1A1）基因,分析其在病原刺激下的表达模式,为了解七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1 基因功能提供依据。【方法】利用生物信息学对七彩神仙鱼 2 个 BTN1A1 基因（BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2）进行结构和进化分析。根据前期获得的七彩神仙鱼皮肤转录组数据,选取 BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 基因的 CDS 区设计引物进行克隆。采用 qRT-PCR 分析 BTN1A1 在各组织中的表达及嗜水气单胞菌刺激下的表达模式。【结果】BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 的 ORF 序列长度为 894、1 275 bp,分别编码 298、424 个氨基酸。BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 蛋白均具有 1 个信号肽、1 个 Ig 结构域、1 个 lg_like 结构域和 1个跨膜结构域的经典结构,BTN1A1-2 还具有 1 个胞质结构域。七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1-1 与慈鲷科其他鱼类相似性较高,与尼加拉瓜湖始丽鱼（Archocentrus centrarchus）BTNIAI 对应氨基酸序列同源性最高、为 94.14%。但 BTN1A1-2 与其他鱼类发生分离,形成独特分支。BTN1A1-1 和 BTN1A1-2 在七彩神仙鱼各组织中均有表达,但在鳃、肠道、皮肤等与免疫相关的组织中表达量相对较高。七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1-1 在嗜水气单胞菌胁迫后表达量先显著下降后上升,而 BTN1A1-2 表达量则先显著上升后下降。【结论】七彩神仙鱼 BTN1A1-1 基因相对保守,而 BTN1A1-2 基因在进化上较为特殊。二者在免疫刺激下的差异表达暗示其可能在七彩神仙鱼免疫防御中发生功能分化。     

Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

The M43 domain-containing metalloprotease RcMEP1 in Rhizoctonia cerealis is a pathogenicity factor during the fungus infection to wheat

Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop for global human. The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal pathogen of sharp eyespot, a devastating disease of wheat. Herein, we identified RcMEP1, a zinc metalloproteaseencoding gene from R. cerealis genomic sequences, and characterized its pathogenesis function. RcMEP1 expressed at markedly-high levels during R. cerealis infection process to wheat. The predicted protein RcMEP1 comprises of 287 amino acid residues and contains a signal peptide and a M43 metalloprotease domain harboring the active site motif(HEVGHWLGLYH). The assays of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that RcMEP1 is an apoplastic elicitor of cell death, and that the predicted signal peptide functions and is required for secretion and cell death-induction. The purified RcMEP1 protein and its M43 domain peptide were individually able to induce plant cell death and H2 O2 accumulation, and to inhibit expression of host chitinases when infiltrated into wheat and N. benthamiana leaves, while the M43 domain-deleting peptide and negative control lacked the capacity. Moreover, compared with the control pretreatment, the purified RcMEP1 protein or its M43-domain peptide resulted in enhanced pathogenesis in the inoculated wheat, whereas the M43 domain-deleting peptide failed. These results suggest that RcMEP1 acted as an important pathogenicity factor during R. cerealis infection to wheat and that its signal peptide and M43 domain are required for the secretion and pathogenesis of RcMEP1. This study provides insights into pathogenesis role of M43 domain-containing metalloproteases during R. cerealis infection to wheat.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

辣木的染色体制片优化及核型分析

以辣木分生组织为材料,采用酶解去壁低渗法制片,探讨不同取材部位、预处理方式和酶解时间对辣木染色体制片的影响,并对其进行核型分析,以期为辣木的起源、演化及遗传育种提供一定理论依据。结果表明:以辣木新枝茎尖为最佳取材部位,用饱和对二氯苯预处理2 h,再用4%纤维素酶和5%果胶酶混合物酶解4 h,制片所得染色体效果最佳。核型分析表明,辣木染色体属于小染色体,有28条,核型公式为2n=2x=2n=28m,属于1B类型,核型不对称系数60.29%,核型对称程度较高,这表明辣木在进化中可能处于比较原始类型。