Evolution of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Races Inferred from Multigene Genealogies

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt of cotton is a serious fungal disease responsible for significant yield losses throughout the world. Evolution of the causal organism Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, including the eight races described for this specialized form, was studied using multigene genealogies. Partial sequences of translation elongation factor (EF-1alpha), nitrate reductase (NIR), phosphate permase (PHO), and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA were sequenced in 28 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum selected to represent the global genetic diversity of this forma specialis. Results of a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Templeton test indicated that sequences of the four genes could be combined. In addition, using combined data from EF-1alpha and mtSSU rDNA, the phylogenetic origin of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum within the F. oxysporum complex was evaluated by the Kishino-Hasegawa likelihood test. Results of this test indicated the eight races of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum appeared to be nonmonophyletic, having at least two independent, or polyphyletic, evolutionary origins. Races 3 and 5 formed a strongly supported clade separate from the other six races. The combined EF-1alpha, NIR, PHO, and mtSSU rDNA sequence data from the 28 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum recovered four lineages that correlated with differences in virulence and geographic origin: lineage I contained race 3, mostly from Egypt, and race 5 from Sudan; lineage II contained races 1, 2, and 6 from North and South America and Africa; lineage III contained race 8 from China; and lineage IV contained isolates of races 4 and 7 from India and China, respectively.     

Gill parasites of Cephalopholis argus (Teleostei: Serranidae) from Moorea (French Polynesia): site selection and coexistence

The distribution and coexistence of gill ectoparasites of 121 specimens of Cephalopholis argus Bloch et Schneider, caught between October 1994 and October 1995, were investigated. Adults of the monogenean Benedenia sp. and copepod Hatschekia sp., the larval caligid copepod Caligus sp. (copepodite and chalimus stages), and praniza larvae of the isopod Gnathia sp. were found. All species were aggregated within the host population. Infracommunities were poor, with only 40.5% of fish infected by two parasite species. Only two individual fish harboured all the parasite species observed at the component community level. Prevalences were less than 50% and mean intensities were low (less than 6 parasites/host). No dominant parasite species were observed in the host population. The spatial distribution of each parasite species was studied on different partitions of the gill arches. Adult parasite stages that are mobile showed much overlap in their distribution, whereas temporarily attached larvae of Caligidae were more site specific. Copepodite and chalimus larvae showed niche restriction that is probably due to gregarious behaviour. Positive associations between caligid larvae reflected intraspecific interaction for site and/or resources. Each of the Caligus sp. larval stages prefers specific sites, as do the adults, which occur exclusively in the buccal cavity of the host. Infracommunities were too poor and too few to induce processes of interspecific competition.     

Effect of Host Plant Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) on Virus Acquisition and Transmission by Its Whitefly Vector

ABSTRACT The effect that Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-infected resistant tomato plants may have on virus epidemiology was studied. Four tomato genotypes that exhibit different levels of viral resistance, ranging from fully susceptible to highly resistant, served as TYLCV-infected source plants. Viral acquisition and transmission rates by white-flies following feeding on the different source plants were evaluated. TYLCV transmission rate by whiteflies that had fed on infected source plants 21 days postinoculation (DPI), shortly after the appearance of TYLCV symptoms, was negatively correlated with the level of resistance displayed by the source plant. Therefore, the higher the resistance, the lower the transmission rate. In addition, TYLCV DNA accumulation was shown to be lower in the resistant source plants compared with the susceptible plants. Whitefly survival rate, following feeding on source plants 21 DPI, was similar for all the cultivars tested. Significant differences in whitefly survival were found, however, following feeding on the infected source plants at 35 DPI; here, whitefly survival rate increased with higher levels of resistance displayed by the source plant. At 35 DPI, the susceptible plants had developed severe TYLCV disease symptoms, and transmission rates from these plants were the lowest, presumably due to the poor condition of these plants. Transmission rates from source plants displaying a medium level of resistance level were highest, with rates declining following feeding on source plants displaying higher levels of TYLCV resistance. TYLCV DNA accumulation in whiteflies following feeding on infected source plants at both 21 and 35 DPI was directly correlated with viral DNA accumulation in source plants. Results show that, in essence, the higher the resistance expressed, the less suitable the plant was as a viral source. Consequently, following acquisition from a highly resistant plant, TYLCV transmission by whiteflies will be less efficient.     

Secreted phosphatase activities in trypanosomatid parasites of plants modulated by platelet-activating factor

ABSTRACT The secreted phosphatase activities of two trypanosomatid parasites were characterized and compared with supernatants of living cells. The plant parasite Phytomonas fran?ai and the phytophagous hemipteran parasite Herpetomonas sp. hydrolyzed p-nitrophenylphosphate at a rate of 15.54 and 6.51 nmol Pi/mg of protein per min, respectively. Sodium orthovanadate (N(a)VO(3)) and sodium fluoride (NaF) decreased the phosphatase activities. The phosphatase activity of P. fran?ai was drastically diminished (73% inhibition) in the presence of sodium tartrate, whereas the phosphatase activity of Herpetomonas sp. was inhibited by 23%. Cytochemical analysis showed the localization of these enzymes on the external surface and in the flagellar pocket of the two trypanosomatids. Sodium tartrate inhibited this reaction, confirming the biochemical data. Platelet-activating factor modulated the phosphatase activities, inhibiting P. fran?ai activity and stimulating Herpetomonas sp. phosphatase activity.     

Adsorption-desorption behaviour of flufenacet in five different soils of India

Adsorption-desorption of the herbicide flufenacet (FOE 5043) has been studied in five soils from different locations in India (Delhi, Ranchi, Nagpur, Kerala and Assam) varying in their physicochemical properties. The organic matter (OM) content varied from 0.072 to 0.864%, clay content from 2.5 to 43.7% and pH from 4.45 to 8.35. The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibration technique. Ten grams of soil were equilibrated with 20 ml of aqueous 0.01 M CaCl2 solution containing different concentrations (0-30 mg litre-1) of flufenacet. After equilibration, an aliquot of supernatant was taken out for analysis. During desorption, the amount withdrawn for analysis was replenished with fresh 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and further equilibrated. Desorption studies were carried out with the 30 mg litre-1 concentration of flufenacet only. The adsorption studies revealed that there was moderate to high adsorption of flufenacet considering the comparatively low organic carbon content in the five test soils. Average Kd values ranged from 0.77 to 4.52 and Freundlich KF values from 0.76 to 4.39. The highest adsorption was observed in Kerala soil (OM 0.786%; clay 25%; pH 4.45) followed by Ranchi, Nagpur and Delhi soils, and the lowest in Assam soil (OM 0.553%; clay 2.5%; pH 6.87). The trend in adsorption could be attributed to the chemical nature of flufenacet and the physicochemical properties of the soil such as pH, OM and clay contents. OM and clay contents were positively correlated whereas pH was negatively correlated. Soils having low pH, high OM and high clay contents showed higher adsorption. Desorption studies revealed that there was a hysteresis effect in all the soils. Hysteresis coefficient values (ratio of n(ad) and n(des)) varied from 0.09 to 0.45. The study implies that, because of its moderate to high adsorption, flufenacet is likely to persist in soil for some time. However, the possibility of its movement by leaching or surface run off is less.     

棉铃虫卵诱集植物选择试验

在新疆莎车县,对苘麻、玉米、鹰嘴豆、红花等植物对棉铃虫卵的诱集效果进行田间比较试验。结果表明:供试植物对第2代棉铃虫卵的诱集能力明显不同,累积卵量分别为:苘麻13 018粒、鹰嘴豆3 844粒、玉米2 316粒、红花160粒、棉花120粒。苘麻诱集能力最强,持续时间最长,不但可诱集第2代棉铃虫卵,而且可大量诱集第3代棉铃虫卵。     

宰后公牛和母牛尿中儿茶酚胺、肉的最终pH以及剪切力之间的关系

本研究的目的主要是研究应激反应和牛肉品质之间关系。试验牛为16～19月龄混合(n=37303kg)或非混合(n=23279kg)1．5～7岁弗里生公牛和淘汰弗里生母牛，这些试验牛被分成未育肥牛组(n=133195kg)和育肥3个月的育肥牛(n=34252kg)组。一部分背最长肌的肉样从一天连续屠宰227头牛的屠宰场的热分割车间获得，同时尿中的儿茶酚胺的含量也被测量。20h后，测量肌肉样品中最终pH，乳酸盐，肝糖，糖分解潜力，和典型的肌原纤维节长度。15℃熟化20h和90h后分别测量肌肉的剪切力。杂交和纯种公牛尿中的去甲肾腺素含量基本相近，分别为14．86、14．07ng／μmol肌氨酸酐；育肥母牛为15．24ng／μmol，未育肥奶牛尿中的去甲肾腺素含量有所提高(22．28ng／μmol)。杂交公牛尿中肾上腺素含量(9．5ng／μmol肌氨酸酐)较纯种公牛(5．7ng／μmol)高，而未育肥奶牛和育肥奶牛的含量都相对较高，分别为16．67、14．19ng／μmol。对于在育肥厂肥育程度较好的公牛，屠宰前仅需要很短的禁食时间，最终pH是预测牛肉嫩度很好的指标。宰前肌糖原含量较低的刺激对牛肉的剪切力有显著影响，尿中肾上腺素含量较高的个体更易受影响。而母牛对肾上腺素的反应跟糖原的损耗没有必然的联系，最终pH较公牛受影响较小。此外，营养水平中等的个体，例如未育肥母牛，随着蛋白水解循环的降低，牛肉充分嫩化的能力也随之降低。     

在舍内或舍外饲养体系中公猪、阉公猪及母猪肌肉中脂肪酸组成和生育酚的浓度

该研究的目的是为了检测公猪、阉公猪和母猪在舍外饲养条件下对背最长肌极性和中性脂质中脂肪酸组成和生育酚含量的影响。不同性别和饲养条件脂肪的含量没有差别，舍内饲养情况下，母猪和公猪的肌肉极性脂质中n-6高不饱和脂肪酸的含量比阉公猪高。舍外饲养环境易导致公猪比母猪和阉公猪肌肉极性脂质和中性脂质中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的水平要稍微偏高一些。我们还发现舍外饲养的母猪与舍内饲养的母猪相比，肌肉极性脂质中18：2 n-6高不饱和脂肪酸的水平增加。在公猪肌肉极性脂质和中性脂质中高水平的多不饱和脂肪酸含量并不伴有高水平的VE。     

子宫萎缩及荷斯坦母牛繁殖力与产后早期PGF2α处理急性子宫炎

本研究的目的在于通过对子宫萎缩、产后12 d急性期血浆蛋白质浓度以及患有急性子宫炎的荷斯坦母牛繁殖力的检测,评估PGF2α2倍剂量操作方法的效果.在本研究中,只有诊断为胎衣不下、子宫炎并用药处理5 d后的母牛才被作为研究对象.200头母牛被随机分配到处理组(n=100)和对照组(n=100).处理组统一在产后第8 d间隔8 h注射2i.m.剂量的PGF2α.从200头母牛中随机抽取90头样本(处理组45头,对照组45头)进行检测评估,包括用超声波扫描仪估计子宫直径、子宫评分以及对产后12 d急性期蛋白的血清浓度.对于所有的母牛,第一次交配的妊娠率差别明显.经产的、初产的、处理的母牛相对于对照组母牛子宫直径较小、子宫评分较低.产后子宫直径小于5.1 cm的母牛相对于那些子宫角直径大的母牛具有5.5倍的初配妊娠可能性.处理组显著降低了血清中α1-酸糖蛋白的含量.初产母牛中,处理母牛的初配妊娠率提高了17%.因此,对患有急性产后子宫炎的初产母牛在产后第8 d进行间隔8 h的PGF2α 2倍剂量处理,能减少子宫角直径与产后12 d的血清中α1-酸糖蛋白含量,并提高初产妊娠率.