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91.
J. Gordon Bell Douglas R. Tocher Fiona M. MacDonald John R. Sargent 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(2):105-118
Three practical-type diets utilizing fishmeal and casein as the protein sources and containing fish oil (FO), safflower oil
(SO) or linseed oil (LO) were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.2 g for a period of 12 weeks. No differences in final weight, mortality or development of pathological
lesions were evident either between duplicate tanks or between dietary treatments over this period. Fish fed diets containing
SO and LO contained significantly greater amounts of liver triacylglycerol compared to fish fed FO. The major C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in SO and LO diets, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) respectively, were readily incorporated into
both total lipid and individual phospholipids of turbot tissues. There was no accumulation of the Δ6-desaturation products
of these fatty acids, namely 18:3(n-6) and 18:4(n-3), in any of the tissues examined. The products of elongation of 18:2(n-6)
and and 18:3(n-3), 20:2(n-6) and 20:3(n-3) respectively, accumulated in both total lipid and phospholipids with the highest
levels of 20:2(n-6) in liver PC and 20:3(n-3) in liver PE. Eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] levels exceeded those of
arachidonic acid [AA, 20:4(n-6)] in phosphatidylinositol (PI) from liver and gill of fish fed LO. EPA levels in liver PI from
fish fed LO were 3-fold and 2-fold greater than SO-fed and FO-fed fish, respectively. Fish fed diets containing SO and LO
had significantly reduced levels of AA in liver and muscle total lipid and lower AA in individual phospholipid classes of
liver and gill compared to FO-fed fish. The concentration of thromboxane B2 was significantly reduced in plasma and isolated gill cells stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 of fish fed SO and LO
compared to those fed FO. Prostaglandin E produced by isolated gill cells stimulated with A23187 was significantly reduced
in fish fed both SO and LO compared to fish fed FO. 相似文献
92.
Lulijwa Ronald Gilbert Van Stappen Nguyen Van Hoa Patrick Sorgeloos 《Aquaculture Research》2014,45(12):1906-1912
The effect of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality was investigated in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. It was assumed that development of bacterial bioflocs through C/N manipulation would improve Artemia production and water quality as demonstrated in freshwater and marine aquaculture. Twelve ponds were used for three treatments and the control, in triplicates. Green water (GW) was supplied to all ponds, with the standard Vietnamese procedure of supplying GW and chicken manure (CM) as the control (C/N 1.8). Treatment ponds were supplemented with tapioca (TAP) as carbon source, combined with either CM, pig manure (PM) or rice bran (RB), with C/N ratios of 7.4, 10.5 or 20.1 respectively. After 6 weeks of culture, no single treatment supported both improved water quality and enhanced Artemia production. Overall, improved water quality was observed at C/N 20.1 and higher Artemia production at C/N 7.4. Although external field factors could have interfered with the set‐up, this is the first study on the effect of C/N manipulation in feed supplements in Artemia pond production systems and provides the basis for development of bacterial bioflocs as a technology to improve water quality and Artemia production. 相似文献
93.
The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an obligate ectoparasitic copepod that lives on the external surface of salmonid fish. It is the most common ectoparasite of marine cage-reared salmonids, causing major economic loss to the aquaculture industry. During a sea louse monitoring programme, samples of L. salmonis were found to harbour an unreported microsporidian parasite. The microsporidian was observed in pre-adult and adult stages of both male and female copepods, with a prevalence of up to 5%. Unfixed spores were slightly pyriform in shape measuring 2.34 microm by 1.83 microm (+/- 0.01 microm) and were not observed to be enclosed by a sporophorous vesicle. The microsporidian infection was observed in all areas of the copepods' body, xenoma-like cysts forming directly under the cuticle in the epidermal tissue layer. In the present study, rDNA (530f-580r) sequence data gathered from the unidentified microsporidian parasite isolated from infected sea lice were compared with equivalents available in the databases in an attempt to identify its systematic position. The microsporidian was found to group within the phylogenetic clade containing the family Enterocytozoonidae, being most similar to members of the intranuclear genus Nucleospora. This is the first report of a hyperparasitic microsporidian infecting a caligid copepod. 相似文献
94.
Giuseppe Notarbartolo‐di‐Sciara Tundi Agardy David Hyrenbach Tullio Scovazzi Patrick Van Klaveren 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(4):367-391
- 1. In February 2002, France, Italy and Monaco agreed to establish an international sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals. The resulting Pelagos Sanctuary encompasses over 87500 km2 of the north‐western Mediterranean Sea, extending between south‐eastern France, Monaco, north‐western Italy and northern Sardinia, and surrounding Corsica and the Tuscan Archipelago.
- 2. The Pelagos Sanctuary illustrates how the tenets of Marine Protected Area (MPA) design can be reconciled with the dynamic nature of oceanic systems, because its spatial scale was defined by oceanographic and ecological considerations, specifically the location of the Ligurian permanent frontal system.
- 3. By expanding protective measures beyond national waters, the Pelagos Sanctuary also sets a precedent for the implementation of pelagic protected areas in the high seas. The Pelagos Sanctuary will contribute to the conservation of the Mediterranean Sea at two scales: (i) locally, by protecting important cetacean foraging and breeding grounds in the Ligurian Sea, and by providing ‘umbrella’ protection to other marine predators in this area; and (ii) regionally, by empowering other conservation measures, such as the Specially Protected Areas Protocol of the Barcelona Convention and the wider goals of the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black and Mediterranean Seas (ACCOBAMS).
- 4. However, because few cetacean species are resident within the Sanctuary, their effective long‐term conservation will require large‐scale management and coordinated monitoring throughout the Mediterranean basin.
95.
Antoine LF Gady Freddy WK Hermans Marion HBJ Van de Wal Eibertus N van Loo Richard GF Visser Christian WB Bachem 《Plant methods》2009,5(1):13-14
Background
The establishment of mutant populations together with the strategies for targeted mutation detection has been applied successfully to a large number of organisms including many species in the plant kingdom. Considerable efforts have been invested into research on tomato as a model for berry-fruit plants. With the progress of the tomato sequencing project, reverse genetics becomes an obvious and achievable goal. 相似文献96.
Van Ngoc Tuong Hoang 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(7):848-861
This study aims to determine the effects of compost additions and high temperature on N2O and CO2 emissions from a Vietnamese agricultural soil. Soil samples amended with two compost types (commercial compost, SH and chicken compost, CC) at three rates of 1%, 2% and 4% w/w were aerobically incubated at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C for 28 days in the laboratory. N2O and CO2 emissions were determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Our results showed that N2O and CO2 emissions were significantly affected by temperature, compost additions, and their interactions. Greater N2O and CO2 emissions were seen in CC treatments than SH treatments. Higher application rates of CC led to greater N2O and CO2 emissions. In SH treatments, higher temperature lowered N2O emissions but did not affect CO2 emissions. N2O and CO2 emissions were enhanced with CC addition while they showed different responses to increasing temperature. 相似文献
97.
Kayodé AP Nout MJ Bakker EJ Van Boekel MA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(12):4253-4259
The purpose of this study was to improve the micronutrient quality of indigenous African infant flour using traditional techniques available in the region. Response surface methodology was used to study the effect of duration of soaking, germination, and fermentation on phytate and phenolic compounds (PC), pH, viscosity, and the in vitro solubility (IVS) of iron and zinc in infant sorghum flour. The phytate and the PC concentrations of the flour were significantly modified as a result of the duration of germination and fermentation and their mutual interaction. These modifications were accompanied by a significant increase in % IVS Zn after 24 h of sprouting. Except for the interaction of soaking and fermentation, none of the processing parameters exerted a significant effect on the % IVS Fe. The viscosity of the porridge prepared with the flour decreased significantly with the duration of germination, making it possible to produce a porridge with high energy and nutrient density. The use of germination in combination with fermentation is recommended in the processing of cereals for infant feeding in developing countries. 相似文献
98.
De Wilde T De Meulenaer B Mestdagh F Govaert Y Vandeburie S Ooghe W Fraselle S Demeulemeester K Van Peteghem C Calus A Degroodt JM Verhé R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(16):6550-6557
A number of parameters linked to storage of potatoes were evaluated with regard to their potential to influence the acrylamide formation in French fries. Acrylamide, which is a potential human carcinogen, is reported to be formed during the frying of potatoes as a result of the reactions between asparagine and reducing sugars. This study was conducted using three potato varieties (Bintje, Ramos, and Saturna) typically used in Belgium, The Netherlands, and the northern part of France for French fry and crisp production. Saturna, mainly used in crisp production, appeared to be the least susceptible for acrylamide formation during frying. Especially storage at low temperatures (4 degrees C) compared to storage at 8 degrees C seemed to enhance acrylamide formation due to a strong increase in reducing sugars caused by low-temperature storage. Because of the reversible nature of this physiological reaction, it was possible to achieve a significant reduction of the reducing sugars after a reconditioning of the cold-stored potatoes for 3 weeks at 15 degrees C. All changes in acrylamide concentrations could mainly be explained by the reducing sugar content of the potato (R2 = 0.84, n = 160). This means that, by ensuring a low reducing sugar content of the potato tuber, the risk for acrylamide formation will largely be reduced. Finally the use of a sprout inhibitor did not influence the composition of the potato, and thus acrylamide formation was not susceptible to this treatment. 相似文献
99.
Van der Plancken I Van Loey A Hendrickx M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(1):127-135
This article addresses the effect of moisture content (0.8-9.9%) during dry-heating (80 degrees C) on selected physicochemical (solubility, turbidity, residual denaturation enthalpy, aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, and sulfhydryl content) and functional (foaming ability, foam density, and stability) properties of freeze-dried egg white (FDEW). Moisture content during dry-heating proved to be a parameter determining the functionality of the resulting egg white powder. The degree of conformational changes induced in the egg white proteins by dry-heating was strongly dependent on the amount of water present. Preferentially, dry-heating at 80 degrees C should be performed on egg white powder with a moisture content below 6.8%, as the loss of protein solubility above this value is extensive. In addition to insoluble aggregates, soluble, strongly stabilized aggregates were also formed, especially at higher moisture contents. The decrease in denaturation enthalpy, increase in surface hydrophobicity, and exposure of SH groups previously hidden in the protein core and their subsequent oxidation were more pronounced at prolonged dry-heating times and at higher moisture contents. These conformational changes resulted in improved foaming ability and foams with lower density. No effect of dry-heating on the foam stability was observed. 相似文献
100.
Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. 137Cesium (137Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in 137Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss. More recently, models have emerged that consider the effects of soil cultivation and the particle surface area-dependent partitioning of 137Cs on soils. We investigated the partitioning of 137Cs in wind-eroded sediments and with soil surface samples sieved into contiguous ranges of particle sizes. We also compared the 137Cs activities and stratification of several adjacent soils with known wind erosion and deposition histories. Finally, we tested 137Cs-based soil loss models with measured data from sites with documented histories. 137Cs activities and mean particle diameters of aeolian samples agreed well with the 137Cs activities and respective mean diameters of the sieved surface soil samples. Good agreement between model estimations and measured data indicated that 137Cs models developed to estimate soil redistribution by water were also applicable to soil redistribution by wind provided that the models contained an appropriate particle size correction parameter. 相似文献