Dynamic headspace analysis of the release of volatile organic compounds from ethanolic systems by direct APCI-MS

Static equilibrium headspace was diluted with a stream of nitrogen to study the stability of the volatile headspace concentration. The headspace dilution profile of 18 volatile compounds above aqueous and ethanolic solutions was measured in real time using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Under dynamic conditions the volatiles headspace concentration above water solutions decreased readily upon dilution. The presence of ethanol helped to maintain the volatile headspace concentration when the ethanol solution concentration was above 50 mL/L. This effect was such that under dynamic conditions the absolute volatile concentration above an ethanolic solution was higher than that above an aqueous solution, contrary to results observed in equilibrium studies. The ratio of the headspace concentration of volatiles above ethanolic 120 mL/L and water solutions was correlated to their air/water partition coefficient.     

甘薯抗疮痂病多胺与吲哚乙酸代谢的研究

研究不同抗性甘薯品种受疮痂病菌侵染前后多胺和吲哚乙酸代谢变化结果表明 ,感染疮痂病菌后抗病与感病品种甘薯叶片中吲哚乙酸含量和多胺氧化酶活性降低 ,多胺总量及腐胺含量增加 ,腐胺 / (精胺 亚精胺 )比值升高 ,感病品种变化幅度高于抗病品种。疮痂病菌侵入后感病品种甘薯叶片中绿原酸含量下降 ,吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高 ,而抗病品种则相反。     

Fractional extraction of compounds from grape seeds by supercritical fluid extraction and analysis for antimicrobial and agrochemical activities

White grape seeds were subjected to sequential supercritical fluid extraction. By increasing the polarity of the supercritical fluid using methanol as a modifier of CO(2), it was possible to fractionate the extracted compounds. Two fractions were obtained; the first, which was obtained with pure CO(2), contained mainly fatty acids, aliphatic aldehydes, and sterols. The second fraction, obtained with methanol-modified CO(2), had phenolic compounds, mainly catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid. The fractions were bioassayed. Antimicrobial activities were checked on human pathogens, and a high degree of activity was obtained with the lipophilic fraction. Agrochemical activities on phytopathogenic fungi and activities on the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay were also checked. The more polar fraction was active in the latter bioassay.     

An assessment of the core-break method for estimating rooting density of different crops in the field

Most of the methods available for plant rooting studies in field soil are very tedious and time-consuming. Several investigations have shown that the core-break technique, in which roots are counted that appear at the faces of a broken core of soil, provides acceptable estimates of root length density in some situations. We investigated the usefulness of the core-break technique for evaluating rooting density of four plant species in two soil types. We encountered several problems, but recommend the core-break method to researchers who wish to quantify root development rapidly under various soil tillage practices.     

塔里木河下游生态环境对输水的积极响应

塔里木河下游是我国西部生态与环境问题最为突出的地区.由于人类不合理的资源开发,导致该地区生态问题日益突出.本文结合塔里木河下游5次生态输水,通过3年对输水后生态环境变化的监测,就塔里木河下游生态环境对输水的积极响应进行了分析.结果显示:(1)生态输水后地下水位在时间上和空间上各有其变化规律,在时间上近河道水位响应快,远河道水位响应慢.在空间上距河道不同距离和不同河段上地下水上升的幅度不同.(2)输水后天然植被的响应主要表现在植被种类和植被盖度的增加上;(3)鉴于输水后生态响应的范围仍然较小,因此输水工程还应该继续进行并适当调整输水的方式.     

Growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa,L.) in response to frequency of irrigation and gypsum application on a heavy clay soil

Summary Effects of weekly (W) and fortnightly (F) irrigation schedules on established stands of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) grown on gypsum treated (G) and untreated (C) heavy clay soil were investigated. Two irrigations were applied under the fortnightly regime and four under the weekly schedule during a single cutting cycle. Growth and light interception were measured during both the vegetative and mature phases of growth.Leaf expansion, light interception and dry matter production were greater under treatments W _G and W _C, with yield increasing from 3.4 t ha^–1 under the fortnightly schedule to 5.0 t ha-1 with weekly irrigation. Gypsum treatment was effective under the more frequent irrigation schedule. Specific leaf area and the proportion of stem were both increased by treatments W _G and W _C. The responses to irrigation were therefore characteristic of those elicited by a more favourable plant moisture status. Growth was analysed in terms of light interception, the efficiency of utilisation of intercepted light, the proportion of the daily dry matter gain retained by the leaves and leaf expansion. The analysis demonstrated that impaired leaf expansion contributed to a decline of approximately 15% in yield, and that impaired efficiencies of utilisation of intercepted light contributed to losses of approximately 30% under the less frequent irrigation schedule.A comparison of growth rates and efficiencies of energy conversion with published data showed that satisfactory rates of growth and levels of productivity were achieved on the heavy soils of the local region using gypsum treatment and the more frequent irrigation schedule.     

不同盐度、碱度、pH值对瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的影响

为了掌握瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的最适盐度、碱度和pH的范围,通过设置不同NaCl盐度(1‰,2‰,3‰,4‰,5‰,6‰,7‰,8‰)、NaHCO3碱度(10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mmol/L)、pH值(5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0)梯度范围的溶液及淡水对照组(盐度0、碱度0、pH值6.67)激发达里诺尔湖瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力,观察了不同处理组精子状态,并对其激烈运动时间、快速运动时间及寿命进行了测定,同时测定了受精卵在不同盐度、碱度和pH溶液中的受精率.结果表明:盐度在0～4‰,瓦氏雅罗鱼精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命呈逐渐上升趋势,4‰达到最长;碱度在0～50 mmol/L,精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命随碱度增加而延长,50 mmol/L达到最大;pH值5.0～7.0,精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命随pH值的升高而延长,pH值7.0达到最大;受精率分别在盐度4‰、碱度30 mmol/L、pH值6.5达到最高,不同盐度和碱度组的受精率显著低于淡水对照组.综上,基于对不同盐度、碱度和pH值对瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的分析结果,建议在开展瓦氏雅罗鱼全人工繁殖及杂交育种过程中,尽量选择盐度在0～4‰,碱度为0～30 mmol/L,pH值6.0～7.0的盐碱水体或淡水中进行,可以获得较高的受精率及苗种成活率.     

滇中本地和外来植物群落对紫色土理化性质的影响

在同一"气候-母质"条件下,本文研究了滇中飒马场流域4种处于不同演替阶段的本地植被群落和1种外来植被群落对酸性紫色土理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着灌草丛、云南松、针阔混交林到次生常绿阔叶林的本地植物群落演替过程,土壤的容重、pH、水溶性盐阳离子含量明显降低,而土壤粘粒、水解性酸、活性铝、有机碳、全氮含量显著增加,同时表层土壤有机碳和全氮占其剖面总含量的比例有降低的趋势。次生常绿阔叶林土壤0~150 cm土层的有机碳、全氮贮存量比灌草丛土壤的分别高出35 Mg hm-2和1.2 Mg hm-2,而其pH则比灌草丛土壤的低0.33。这反映出酸性紫色土的富铝化过程、生物富集过程和粘化过程随着植被演进而加强。桉树林土壤有机碳、全氮贮量和pH分别为93.04 mg hm-2、2.45 mg hm-2和4.49,与针阔混交林土壤的有机碳、全氮贮量和pH没有显著差异,但是其水解性酸度和活性铝含量均显著高于针阔混交林土壤的,表明长期种植桉树有加速土壤酸化的可能。     

棉铃虫CYP4家族基因片段克隆及序列分析

以5龄实验室品系棉铃虫的总RNA为模板,采用一对昆虫细胞色素P450简并引物,利用反转录—多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增并筛选出10个新的长度约450bp的cDNA片段,并对这些序列与GeneBank中已知序列进行相似性分析,初步推测这10个P450基因片段属于CYP4家族的CYP4M和CYP4S2个亚家族。     

不同光质对朝鲜淫羊藿生长、生理和黄酮类成分积累的影响

为了研究不同光质对朝鲜淫羊藿生长、生理和黄酮类成分积累的影响,确定适宜朝鲜淫羊藿栽培生产的光质条件,使用4种LED光源(白光、红光、黄光、蓝光)对盆栽朝鲜淫羊藿进行处理,以白光处理作为对照(CK),测定了各光质处理下朝鲜淫羊藿的株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶鲜重、叶干重等生长指标,叶绿素含量、光合作用参数、抗氧化酶活性等生理指...