旅游区人为干扰对森林群落物种多样性的影响

研究人为干扰对湖北省梭布垭石林针阔混交林森林群落物种多样性的影响。结果表明,人为干扰对乔木层马尾松Pinus massoniana和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata优势种的主体地位和作用没有根本性的改变,但使群落平均胸径（或地径）和平均树高降低,群落种类组成发生变化。重度干扰和中度干扰降低了群落乔木层阔叶树种和灌木层优势种的作用和地位,重要值降低,但增加了群落物种多样性水平。不同干扰类型的群落,在垂直高度1.0 m以下,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数较大,1.1 ~ 3.0 m高度达最大,以后随高度升高,多样性指数降低,在9.1 m以上的高度层,树种单一,多样性为０。图3表3参13     

Fermented Sorghum as a Functional Ingredient in Composite Breads

Whole sorghum flour was fermented (a five‐day natural lactic acid fermentation) and dried under forced draught at 60°C, and evaluated for its effect on sorghum and wheat composite bread quality. In comparison with unfermented sorghum flour, fermentation decreased the flour pH from 6.2 to 3.4, decreased total starch and water‐soluble proteins, and increased enzyme‐susceptible starch, total protein, and the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). Fermentation and drying did not decrease the pasting temperature of sorghum flour, but slightly increased its peak and final viscosity. In comparison with composite bread dough containing unfermented sorghum flour, fermented and dried sorghum flour decreased the pH of the dough from 5.8 to 4.9, increased bread volume by ≈4%, improved crumb structure, and slightly decreased crumb firmness. IVPD of the composite bread was also improved. Mixing wet fermented sorghum flour directly with wheat flour (sourdough‐type process) further increased loaf volume and weight and reduced crumb firmness, and simplified the breadmaking process. It appears that the low pH of fermented sorghum flour inactivated amylases and increased the viscosity of sorghum flour, thus improving the gas‐holding capacity of sorghum and wheat composite dough. Fermentation of sorghum flour, particularly in a sourdough breadmaking process, appears to have considerable potential for increasing sorghum utilization in bread.     

DNA分子标记技术在西瓜遗传相关研究中的应用

综述了分子标记技术在西瓜种质遗传多样性与亲缘关系研究，遗传图谱的构建，目标性状的连锁分子标记与分子标记辅助育种，品种及杂交种的纯度鉴定等方面的应用进展。     

矿化海藻有益于猪胃的健康

胃炎和胃溃疡是生长肥育猪和母猪的一种常见、但很少被诊断出的疾病,它可引发诸多的问题:从导致肥育猪产生进攻性行为、生产性能受挫,直至死亡。而海洋矿物质或许可以解决上述问题。     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对夏玉米不同时期土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

  【目的】  通过研究秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对夏玉米不同生育期土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响,揭示土壤细菌群落对不同施肥措施的响应规律,为调节土壤养分,提高作物产量,改善土壤生物功能提供科学依据。  【方法】  基于河南农业科学院原阳试验基地5年连续定位试验,选取不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (氮肥基追比1∶1,N)和秸秆全量还田下氮肥基追比1∶1 (SN1)、1∶1.5 (SN2) 和1∶2 (SN3) 共5个处理,于2016年夏玉米抽丝期和收获期采集0—20 cm土壤样品,采用常规方法测定土壤基础理化性质,采用荧光微型板酶检测技术测定土壤酶活性,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序方法测定土壤细菌群落结构。  【结果】  秸秆还田下氮肥基追比对玉米产量及氮肥利用率产生明显影响,相比于N处理,SN1处理显著增产9.98%;SN1和SN2处理氮肥利用率分别提高9.83、5.10个百分点。在夏玉米抽丝期和收获期,相比于N处理,秸秆还田下各氮肥运筹处理不同程度地提高了土壤pH、有机碳、全氮和速效钾含量,其中均以SN1处理增幅最为明显。在玉米抽丝期,除土壤磷酸酶外,SN1处理土壤酶活性均为最高;SN1处理对收获期土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖甘酶、β-木糖苷酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性的促进最明显。细菌群落除抽丝期SN1与CK处理Shanno指数显著高于N处理而Simpson指数显著低于N处理外,其余处理间差异不显著。各施肥处理下门水平和纲水平的主要优势种群均为变形菌门、放线菌门和α-变形菌纲和放线菌纲。线性判别效应分析 (LEfSe) 显示,不同生育期比较,抽丝期最大LDA（linear discriminant analysis) 值为酸杆菌纲,收获期为芽单胞菌纲;而同一生育期各处理间比较,抽丝期各处理最大LDA值均为变形菌门的α-变形菌纲,收获期均为γ-变形菌纲。典范对应分析表明,抽丝期土壤pH (P = 0.002)、有机质含量 (P = 0.004) 和收获期土壤pH (P = 0.03)、硝态氮 (P = 0.036)、速效钾 (P = 0.044) 含量对细菌群落结构产生显著影响。  【结论】  土壤pH、有机碳、硝态氮和速效钾含量是影响细菌群落结构变化的主要因素。秸秆还田条件下,氮肥运筹显著影响土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构,氮肥基追比为1∶1时可显著提升土壤养分含量和酶活性,提高δ-变形菌纲、绿弯菌纲和TK10 (未分类) 相对丰度,从而更有效地促进秸秆分解和转化,发挥有机质调节土壤养分释放、减少养分损失的作用,最终提高玉米产量和氮肥利用率。     

Unilateral scrotal pyocele in ram caused by Staphylococcus capitis

A massive unilateral scrotal pyocele caused by Staphylococcus capitis in a 6‐year‐old ram is reported. Ultrasound examination of the right hemiscrotum showed an irregular hyperechoic mass in an anechoic fluid. A dense exudate was collected from the scrotum for microbiological analysis. Grossly, there was an extensive greenish purulent exudate and a completely atrophied right testis. Coagulase‐negative S. capitis was isolated in pure culture. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of genital infection by S. capitis in rams. This microorganism should be included in the differential diagnosis of ovine genital infections.     

Loss of a harvested fish species disrupts carbon flow in a diverse tropical river

Harvesting threatens many vertebrate species, yet few whole-system manipulations have been conducted to predict the consequences of vertebrate losses on ecosystem function. Here, we show that a harvested migratory detrital-feeding fish (Prochilodontidae: Prochilodus mariae) modulates carbon flow and ecosystem metabolism. Natural declines in and experimental removal of Prochilodus decreased downstream transport of organic carbon and increased primary production and respiration. Thus, besides its economic value, Prochilodus is a critical ecological component of South American rivers. Lack of functional redundancy for this species highlights the importance of individual species and, contrary to theory, suggests that losing one species from lower trophic levels can affect ecosystem functioning even in species-rich ecosystems.     

酶制剂对雏鹅组织中胰岛素样生长因子的影响

18只 7日龄的杂交雏鹅 ,随机分成试验和对照两组 ,饲以大麦基础日粮 ,试验组日粮中添加 0 .1%的Biokyowa酶制剂。测定 2 1日龄血液、肝脏和肌肉中的IGF -I含量。添加粗酶制剂后 ,肝脏和肌肉中的IGF -Ⅰ分别较对照高18.2 3% (P <0 .0 1)和 2 2 .79% (P <0 .0 1) ,而血浆中IGF -I水平却较对照低 9.0 4 % (P <0 .0 5 )。结果提示 :酶制剂能促使肝脏合成IGF -I,血液中与IGFBP结合的IGF -I大量释放 ,从而显著提高肌肉中的IGF -I水平 ,加速了肌肉的生长。