仙人掌皮黄酮提取工艺优化

仙人掌皮黄酮提取可提高废弁物的资源利用和活性成分的开发.采用响应面分析法对乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间和剂料比等提取条件进行了优化.结果表明,曲面回归方程拟合性好;优化工艺为乙醇体积分数67%、提取温度76°C、提取时间5.7 h、剂料比21.4 mL/g时,仙人掌皮黄酮得率为6.45%.经鉴定仙人掌皮中主要黄酮为异鼠李素-3-O-[2-O,6-O-双-α-L-鼠李糖基]-α-L葡萄糖苷、异鼠李素-3-O-(6'-鼠李糖) 葡萄糖苷.     

药雾浓度沉降曲线拟合方法的试验)(简报)

为了解温室大棚等密闭空间喷雾后的药雾浓度衰减规律,该文以常温烟雾机在棚室中喷雾后的药雾浓度为研究对象,针对D.K.Giles的药雾浓度沉降曲线拟合方法进行了改进,相对于老方法将采样时间段内获得的药雾浓度值置于中间时刻点进行拟合,新方法将该值分别对应于该时间段内3个不同时刻点进行拟合分析。新方法同时还建立了比较曲线拟合优劣的一种工程判据,据此判据得出在5 min的采样时间段条件下,将采样数据作为该采样时间段内第2 min时刻点的药雾浓度值,然后进行拟合,所得药物总质量和实际施用药物总质量相对误差最小,仅为1.6%。研究还表明,在浓度沉降过程中,某一采样周期内的浓度值主要由这一时间段的前段采样所贡献。     

Intercropping with hyperaccumulator plants decreases the cadmium accumulation in grape seedlings

In this experiment, four cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator species (Crassocephalum crepidioides, Galinsoga parviflora, Sigesbeckia orientalis, and Solanum nigrum) were intercropped with grape (Vitis vinifera) cuttings together in Cd-containated soil to study the effects of intercropping with the Cd-hyperaccumulator plants on growth and Cd accumulation of grape seedlings. Compared with the monoculture, intercropping with S. nigrum increased the biomass of grape seedlings, but intercropping with the other three hyperaccumulator species decreased the grape seedling biomass. Intercropping with S. nigrum increased chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents in leaves of grape seedlings compared with the monoculture, whereas intercropping with the other three hyperaccumulator species showed either a decrease or no effect. Intercropping with hyperaccumulator plants had no significant effects on chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents in leaves of grape seedlings compared with the monoculture. Compared with the monoculture, intercropping with C. crepidioides, G. parviflora, S. nigrum and S. orientalis significantly decreased Cd contents in shoots of grape seedlings by 78.7%, 12.7%, 29.8% and 26.5%, respectively. Therefore, intercropping with hyperaccumulator plants can decrease Cd accumulation in grape, and intercropping with S. nigrum can also promote grape seedling growth.     

Coexisting invasive gobies reveal no evidence for temporal and trophic niche differentiation in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai,China

Niche differentiation facilitates the coexistence of species within a community through avoidance of competition via mechanisms involving spatial, temporal and/or trophic dimensions. Where invasive species coexist in their non‐native range, niche differentiation could allow their persistence at higher levels of abundance. Here, we tested whether there was temporal and/or trophic niche differentiation between two congeneric invasive goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai (south‐west China) through quantifying their diel and seasonal rhythm of locomotion activities, feeding activities and diet composition. Both species displayed two similar diel peaks in activity and two main feeding periods (6:00–10:00 and 18:00–22:00), with rhythms of locomotion and feeding activity not differing significantly between the species in each season. Their diets had a high degree of overlap, being primarily composed of macrozooplankton, aquatic insects and shrimp larvae, with no diel changes across the seasons. Thus, in this habitat, there was no clear temporal or trophic niche differentiation between the invasive congeners, indicating their coexistence with high temporal and trophic overlap. In conjunction with data from the littoral and profundal habitats, the gobies revealed different strategies across the habitats (e.g. spatial segregation, trophic niche differentiation) that minimised their competitive interactions and promoted their coexistence. This suggests that the interactions of invasive fishes during the integration into native communities can be context dependent, varying according to factors including habitat and the availability of food resources.     

机采籽棉储运技术质量成本分析

阐述了4种不同籽棉储运技术的原理，采用回归分析法分析了机采散状籽棉储运技术、压模车田间压模储运技术、散状籽棉运输场地压模储运技术、采棉机直接压模储运技术的经济性和优点，并建立起质量成本分析模型，为轧花厂籽棉储存技术应用和改进提供依据。     

高温热处理对马尾松木材机械加工性能的影响

以马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)素材(对照)及热处理材(处理温度分别为145、160、175℃)为研究对象,参照LY/T 2054—2012《锯材机械加工性能评价方法》对其机械加工性能进行评价,利用元素分析仪和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对其化学组成成分进行了定性分析,探索高温热处理对马尾松人工林木材机械加工性能的影响.结果表明,175℃以下热处理,对马尾松木材综合机械加工性能的影响不大;但对单项机械加工性能的影响各有不同,主要表现为:热处理后,马尾松木材的刨削、铣削性能得到提高,而砂削、钻削、车削、开榫性能则随着处理温度的升高表现出先降低后升高的规律.通过对热处理材化学组成成分的定性分析,发现在145～175℃的热处理过程中,木材组分中的羟基数量减少,半纤维素部分降解,结晶度增加,且木材中C元素质量分数呈增加趋势,而H、O元素质量分数呈降低趋势.高温热处理会在一定程度上改变马尾松木材的机械加工性能,影响到其后续加工利用.     

SSCP Marker Development and Analysis of Candidate Restorer Gene Rf1 for Cotton Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

[Objective] Locating the cotton cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) restorer gene Rf₁ is important for investigating restorer gene mechanisms and improving restorer lines. In our previous study, a gene cluster, with nine Pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR) genes and nine other genes, was found within the 160-kb Rf₁ target region in Scaffold 333. The objective here was to improve the density of Rf1-linked markers in the target region and determine the expression profiles of candidate genes. [Method] Using the sequences of the 18 genes, we designed 155 single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) primers covering all of the gene sequences to identify the polymorphic SSCP markers between the fertile and sterile pools. Additionally, real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was performed to analyze the expression profiles of eight candidate genes in the four developmental stages of buds of sterile, maintainer and restoring lines, respectively. [Result] In total, 15 polymorphic primers were identified. A genotype analysis of the F₂ population was conducted using the 15 primers and 3 other polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The markers were distributed in a 4.8 cM range. In addition, owing to the influence of sterile cytoplasm or restorer genes, most of the genes showed different expression patterns in the four developmental stages of the three lines' buds. [Conclusion] SSCP markers tightly linked to Rf₁ were identified and the expression profiles of candidate genes were determined. This study provides a basis for the further fine mapping of restorer genes and for candidate gene screening.     

3株氟磺胺草醚降解真菌的分离与鉴定

为了解决大豆田除草剂氟磺胺草醚长期使用造成的残留问题,本研究利用富集培养法进行菌株筛选,利用高效液相色谱法测定其降解能力,通过形态和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行种属鉴定。结果表明,本研究从长期施用氟磺胺草醚的土壤中分离纯化出3株能以氟磺胺草醚为唯一碳源生长的真菌菌株FF1、FF2和FF3。它们在7天内对初始浓度600 mg/L氟磺胺草醚的降解率分别为21.03%、15.74%和11.88%,这3个菌株分别鉴定为Aspergillus jensenii（詹森曲霉）、Penicillium dipodomyicola（双足青霉）和Rhizopus oryzae（稻根霉菌）。这3个种属的获得为氟磺胺草醚污染土壤生物修复提供了新的菌种资源。     

烟草病虫害种类、产生原因及防治策略

围绕烟草病虫害的分类、特点和产生病虫害的原因，分析了防治策略。      

基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统设计与实现——以黑龙江省为研究案例

棚室蔬菜产业在黑龙江省农业转方式、调结构和供给侧改革中占有重要的战略地位。黑龙江省棚室蔬菜生产规模近年来发展较快,技术支撑需求也与日俱增。本研究针对黑龙江省棚室蔬菜发展规模与技术服务支撑能力不匹配的现状,提出了基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统及关键技术的实现方法。本研究以专家服务为主、数据挖掘技术为辅,以物联网设备为感知手段、以智能手机为用户终端,利用云服务对知识、资源、物联网数据的整合配置能力,提供蔬菜专家及棚室蔬菜用户对信息获取、存储、分析和决策的高效解决方案。本研究的部分内容已在黑龙江省农业科研部门、企业、蔬菜合作社、农户等不同用户群体中实验应用,能够为专家提供棚室蔬菜生产环境的远程问诊手段,适用于各类棚室蔬菜应用场景。本研究还提出了对大规模应用场景下的技术解决方案建议,可在全国的棚室蔬菜生产中推广应用,实现更广泛高效的专家技术服务支撑。