QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.Moench）

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an F2：3 segregating population consisting of 207 individuals derived from a cross between a high sugar content inbred line, Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum. Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability （hB0 of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.     

QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum.Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability (hB2) of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively.These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.     

A membrane-anchored protein kinase involved in Brassica self-incompatibility signaling

Self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica is initiated by haplotype-specific interactions between the pollen-borne ligand S locus protein 11/SCR and its stigmatic S receptor kinase, SRK. This binding induces autophosphorylation of SRK, which is then thought to trigger a signaling cascade that leads to self-pollen rejection. A recessive mutation of the modifier (m) gene eliminates the SI response in stigma. Positional cloning of M has revealed that it encodes a membrane-anchored cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, designated M locus protein kinase (MLPK). Transient expression of MLPK restores the ability of mm papilla cells to reject self-pollen, suggesting that MLPK is a positive mediator of Brassica SI signaling.     

Copulation behaviour of Neptunea arthritica: baseline considerations on broodstocks as the first step for seed production technology development

Copulation trials under three different scenarios were performed aiming to study the copulation behaviour of Neptunea arthritica and determine whether broodstock maintenance is required for artificial seed production. Neptunea arthritica showed polygamy, copulating at least three times with different partners. From all males and females used in this study, 43% of them copulated at least once. Female whelks showed rejection behaviour, which generated significant difference in copulation time between rejected (13.7±10.7 min) and non‐rejected (49.7±44.7 min) males. The effect of body size on copula duration appeared to be superficial, while its effect on accumulative copulas played an important role as an indicator of copulation capacity because whelks varied in size. After first copula, males showed a contrasting tendency to mate copulated females over non‐copulated females (χ²=6.23, d.f.=1, P=0.01). Broodstock maintenance as the first step in seed production is possible but considering low mating percentage and female rejection, it would be not economically reasonable due to the considerable number of whelks required and related logistical factors.     

Effect of water temperature and diet on growth and mortality of Neptunea arthritica juveniles

The growth and mortality of Neptunea arthritica juveniles hatched from different egg masses (controlled conditions and field) reared at 10 and 15 °C, and provided with sardine (D1) and polychaete (D2) as foods were evaluated. Results showed that diet type and water temperature significantly affect the growth and mortality. Interaction between these factors reflected robust relationship among them, but restricted exclusively to growth. Through the study period, juveniles treated at 10 °C showed maximum increments of 2.5 mm (shell length), 2.3 mm (shell width) and 0.25 g (body weight) from their initial size. While maximum values of those treated at 15 °C for the above-mentioned parameters were 7.6 mm, 5.5 mm and 1 g respectively. In both cases, these increments were recorded for individuals fed with sardine. Mortality was significantly affected by diets and water temperature, which significantly increased under D2 [10 °C (20–67%), 15 °C (70–87%)] or 15 °C [D1 (30–83%), D2 (70–87%)]. According to the results, juveniles of N. arthritica could be maintained under controlled conditions, which allows growth improvement. Mortality appears to be the limiting factor, but this could be improved by the implementation of efficient culture method, basically oriented to increase the water quality.     

Interspecific variation in wildlife responses to cattle,swine and chicken feed in the forests surrounding poultry farms

To strengthen farm biosecurity, wildlife behaviors around livestock environments require significant attention. Livestock feed is considered one of essential factors that attract wildlife to the livestock environment. We experimentally studied wildlife response to cattle, swine, and chicken concentrated feeds in the forests surrounding poultry farms. In 14 feeding sites, four feed conditions were established: without feed (control); cattle feed; chicken feed; and swine feed. Wildlife behaviors at each feed point were monitored using infrared cameras. In 3,175 videos, 10 mammals were photographed on 10 or more occasions. Wildlife more frequently appeared at the points with feed than without feed. In addition, the number of videos that captured foraging or interest behaviors was largest for swine feed, followed by chicken feed, then cattle feed. There was a large difference among wildlife in their response to livestock feeds, although each species did not have a strong preference for a specific feed. Livestock feeds invite frequent visits by high and moderate response groups, especially omnivores and carnivores with omnivorous tendencies. Therefore, to protect against such wildlife intrusion, leftover feed and feed storage must be properly managed. This study also suggests that livestock feeds may not cause intrusions by rare response group species; hence, if their intrusions occur, they may be due to factors other than livestock feed. The study situation can partly reflect actual feed-stealing situations. The results will contribute to consider the properly management to protect livestock environments from wildlife intrusions.     

Leptin receptor expression and its change in association with the normalization of EGF profile after seminal plasma treatment in repeat breeder dairy cows

Factors associated with high milk production levels have been linked to alterations in the endometrial epidermal growth factor (EGF) profile, a cause of reduced fertility in dairy cows. Therefore, we examined the leptin system that connects nutritional status and reproduction in dairy cattle related to reduced fertility in repeat breeder cows. Plasma leptin concentrations were measured in 18 heifers, 20 high-yielding control cows, and 26 repeat breeder cows, showing an altered EGF profile. Then, all repeat breeder cows were infused with seminal plasma (SP) into the vagina at the next estrus to normalize the EGF profile, while heifers and control cows were infused with vehicle alone. All animals were examined for EGF profiles. Eighteen repeat breeder cows, nine heifers, and nine control cows were also determined for leptin receptor (Ob-R) expression levels in the estrous cycle before and after the infusion. SP normalized the EGF profile in 53.8% of the repeat breeder cows. Leptin concentrations were similar in all groups, regardless of the treatment results for the EGF profile. In contrast, Ob-R levels in repeat breeder and control cows were similar and higher than those in heifers before SP treatment. Ob-R in repeat breeders showing a normal EGF profile after treatment decreased to an intermediate level between heifers and control cows and may provide a clue to take measures against repeat breeding in dairy cows.     

Control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis> at a strawberry nursery by paddy-upland rotation

Effects of crop rotation between rice paddy fields and strawberry nurseries on the control of Verticillium wilt of strawberry were studied. For detecting Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, in soil, eggplant was used as an indicator plant. We were thus able to detect as low as 1 microsclerotium/g dry soil. In field surveys of Chiba and Hokkaido from 2000 to 2003, V. dahliae was detected in 9 of 10 upland fields but in none of 21 paddy-upland fields. In Hokkaido during 2000–2007, strawberry mother plants were planted, and plantlets were produced in upland and paddy-upland fields to assess V. dahliae infestation. Verticillium wilt of strawberry had never occurred in 72 tested paddy-upland fields, compared to 13.2–73.9% of plantlets infected with V. dahliae in upland fields. In a pot experiment in a greenhouse, two flooding treatments or two paddy rice cultivations suppressed Verticillium wilt symptoms on eggplant. In field experiments, one paddy rice cultivation in Chiba and two in Hokkaido prevented development of Verticillium wilt symptoms on eggplant. Verticillium wilt of strawberry was controlled completely with one paddy rice cultivation in infested fields in Chiba. In these field experiments, the number of microsclerotia of V. dahliae decreased under the flooding conditions for paddy rice cultivation. Based on the reduction in microsclerotia, a crop rotation system with paddy rice for 3 years (three times), green manure for 1 year, and strawberry nursery for 1 year was designed for Hokkaido.     

Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Starch on Crispness of Tempura Fried Batter

The influence of the physicochemical properties of heat‐moisturetreated and untreated starches from various plant sources on the quality of tempura fried batter was examined. Batter of each starch plus wheat protein (92:8, w/w) was fried. Quality of the resulting fried batter was determined from crispness score, water evaporation, and breaking strength. The crispness score correlated with water evaporation (r = 0.95) and breaking strength (r = 0.97), indicating that water evaporation was a reliable index for evaluation of crispness of fried batter. Determination of water evaporation was easy and simple. The crispness (favorable eating texture) of tempura coating depended largely on starch origin. Among the pasting properties of starch, temperature at maximum viscosity (r = 0.77) and breakdown/maximum viscosity (% breakdown, r = ‐0.82) correlated with water evaporation, suggesting that starch resistant to gelatinization and granule disintegration produced crispy fried batter. This observation was supported by SEM. Water evaporation (r = ‐0.82) and % breakdown (r = 0.95) correlated with degree of amylose gelatinization, indicating that amylose was one of the determinants that controls crispness of fried batter by restraining disintegration of the starch granule structure.     

Molecular Structure and Some Physicochemical Properties of Buckwheat Starches

The molecular structure and pasting properties of starches from eight buckwheat cultivars were examined. Rapid viscograms showed that buckwheat starches had similar pasting properties among cultivars. The actual amylose content was 16–18%, which was lower than the apparent amylose content (26–27%), due to the high iodine affinity (IA) of amylopectin (2.21–2.48 g/100 g). Amylopectins resembled each other in average chain‐length (23–24) and chain‐length distributions. The long‐chains fraction (LC) was abundant (12–13% by weight) in all the amylopectins, which was consistent with high IA values. The amyloses were also similar among the cultivars in number‐average DP 1,020–1,380 with 3.1–4.3 chains per molecule. The molar‐based distribution indicated that all the amyloses comprised two molecular species differing in molecular size, although the weight‐based distribution showed a single species. A comparison of molecular structures of buckwheat starches to cereal starches indicated buckwheat amylopectins had a larger amount of LC, and their distributions of amylose and short chains of amylopectin on molar basis were similar to those of wheat and barley starches.