蛋鸡龙骨损伤及其对蛋鸡福利影响的研究进展

龙骨损伤是福利和健康受损的主要表现之一.文章从蛋鸡生产的角度出发,阐述了蛋鸡龙骨损伤的概况、蛋鸡龙骨损伤的研究现状及其对蛋鸡福利状况的影响,旨在呼吁重视蛋鸡龙骨损伤现象,促进蛋鸡产业的健康可持续发展.     

A 13CO2 Enrichment Experiment to Study the Synthesis Pathways of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of the Haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea

The production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in Tisochrysis lutea was studied using the gradual incorporation of a ¹³C-enriched isotopic marker, ¹³CO₂, for 24 h during the exponential growth of the algae. The ¹³C enrichment of eleven fatty acids was followed to understand the synthetic pathways the most likely to form the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) in T. lutea. The fatty acids 16:0, 18:1n-9 + 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 22:5n-6 were the most enriched in ¹³C. On the contrary, 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3 were the least enriched in ¹³C after long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 or 22:5n-3. The algae appeared to use different routes in parallel to form its polyunsaturated fatty acids. The use of the PKS pathway was hypothesized for polyunsaturated fatty acids with n-6 configuration (such as 22:5n-6) but might also exist for n-3 PUFA (especially 20:5n-3). With regard to the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway, Δ6 desaturation of 18:3n-3 appeared to be the most limiting step for T. lutea, “stopping” at the synthesis of 18:4n-3 and 18:5n-3. These two fatty acids were hypothesized to not undergo any further reaction of elongation and desaturation after being formed and were therefore considered “end-products”. To circumvent this limiting synthetic route, Tisochrysis lutea seemed to have developed an alternative route via Δ8 desaturation to produce longer chain fatty acids such as 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. 22:6n-3 presented a lower enrichment and appeared to be produced by a combination of different pathways: the conventional n-3 PUFA pathway by desaturation of 22:5n-3, the alternative route of ω-3 desaturase using 22:5n-6 as precursor, and possibly the PKS pathway. In this study, PKS synthesis looked particularly effective for producing long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rate of enrichment of these compounds hypothetically synthesized by PKS is remarkably fast, making undetectable the ¹³C incorporation into their precursors. Finally, we identified a protein cluster gathering PKS sequences of proteins that are hypothesized allowing n-3 PUFA synthesis.     

德国可再生能源发展的借鉴与启示

近年来,可再生能源逐渐成为世界各国关注的热点,并成为各国应对气候变化以及生态环境保护的共同选择,其在经济发展以及维护生态环境中开始被重视起来.德国能源转型的成功已经成为欧美国家中的典范,为此农业农村部科技教育司组团赴德国参加"农业废弃物资源化利用和农村清洁能源综合利用技术"培训项目,笔者结合培训内容和实地考察形成该篇文...     

Effects of different molecular weights of chitosan on methane production and bacterial community structure in vitro

As a new feed additive, chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants. However, the effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on rumen fermentation, methane production and bacterial community structure are not yet clear. A basal diet without chitosan served as the control(CTL), and the treatment diets were supplemented with chitosan with different molecular weights: 1 000(1K), 3 000(3K), 5 000(5K), 50 000(5W) and 200 000(20W) dry matter(DM). Six fermentation units per treatment were established. Gas chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of methane, H_2 and volatile fatty acids(VFAs). The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed to reveal the relative abundances of bacterial community taxa. The results showed that the propionate proportion was significantly increased by the addition of chitosan with different molecular weights(P0.05), while methane production and the acetate proportion were significantly decreased(P0.05). The relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 were significantly increased in the 3K chitosan group compared with the CTL group, whereas the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was significantly decreased(P0.05). Correlation analyses of the relative abundances of the bacterial genera showed that Prevotella was positively related to propionate production(P0.05). In conclusion, 3K chitosan could reduce methane production by replacing fibrolytic bacteria(Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres) with amylolytic bacteria(Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) in the bacterial community structure.     

柑桔黄龙病三种媒介昆虫的研究进展

柑桔木虱是传播世界毁灭性病害柑桔黄龙病的唯一虫媒,因此,科学合理防治柑桔木虱是治理柑桔黄龙病的关键措施之一。本文系统概述了柑桔上3种木虱的生物学特性、发生和扩散规律、与柑桔黄龙病的互作及传毒机制等方面的研究进展,以期为柑桔木虱的合理防治提供参考,为柑桔黄龙病的综合治理提供理论依据和借鉴。     

蜡梅花离体摊放过程中香气感官评价和挥发性物质分析

蜡梅花是重要的天然花香原料。采用顶空—固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱联用技术（HS–SPME–GC–MS）结合感官审评,分析了采摘后蜡梅花摊放过程中挥发性物质的变化规律。结果表明,离体蜡梅花在摊放过程中开放状态变化不明显,花枝经清水培养,花苞到全开状态历经32 h左右。全开状态蜡梅花的挥发性物质种类随摊放时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势,摊放12 h最多,此时出现了酮类、醛类和酚类;大部分挥发性物质相对含量在摊放20 h后降低。主要挥发性物质乙酸苄酯在摊放12 h达峰值,较0 h增加35.04%;4–乙基苄醇和α–罗勒烯呈现先增加后降低的趋势;α–罗勒烯在摊放4 h后急剧增加,20 h达最大值;芳樟醇、别罗勒烯和2,6–二甲基–2,4,6–辛三烯在摊放24 h内呈降低趋势,分别较0 h下降了18.32%、78.92%和41.19%。结合感官审评与GC–MS分析结果可知,全开状态的蜡梅花采摘后离体摊放20 h内能较好地保持花香的鲜灵度和浓郁度,且在12 ~ 20 h之间挥发性物质种类丰富,具花果香的挥发性物质相对含量较高。研究结果可为蜡梅花作为天然花香原料的更有效利用提供理论参考。     

潮汐灌溉模式下不同营养液对辣椒幼苗生长的影响

为了培育辣椒壮苗,在潮汐灌溉模式下筛选适合辣椒穴盘育苗的营养液,探讨不同营养液在辣椒穴盘育苗上应用的可行性,以国塔166为试材,以草炭、蛭石（体积比3∶1）为栽培基质,进行试验研究。试验采用6种营养液配方,通过测定株高、茎粗、干鲜质量、壮苗指数、叶绿素含量、光合参数、根系活力、根系形态等指标,筛选最优营养液配方。结果表明：Arnon和Hoagland 番茄配方处理辣椒幼苗的株高、茎粗、地上鲜质量、地上干质量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、壮苗指数、根尖数等指标均最高,其中壮苗指数分别较日本山崎番茄、Hoagland和Arnon、华南农业大学、Rothamsted、日本山崎甜椒配方高出44.44%、62.50%、30.00%、116.67%、62.50%。综上可知,Arnon和Hoagland 番茄配方是潮汐灌溉模式下辣椒穴盘育苗的最佳配方。     

适宜山东菏泽地区种植的全株青贮玉米品种筛选试验

山东省菏泽市及周边地区玉米种植广泛,全株玉米青贮用于养殖牛羊越来越多,为选择出高产优质全株青贮玉米品种,采取随机区组设计,从多个玉米品种中选择7个进行种植试验,对各品种收获期、株高、鲜重、干重、粗蛋白质含量等生产性能和营养指标进行测定。从筛选试验结果来看,渝青386号植株高大、双果穗多、果穗饱满,抗逆性好,可消化营养物质含量高,干物质产量达到18402.67 kg·hm^-2,收割时粗蛋白质含量为8.59%,适合菏泽市及周边地区青贮玉米种植。玉米品种奥玉5102号、先禾518号和大京九4059号也相对较好。     

饲粮中霉菌毒素快速检测技术研究现状及发展方向

霉菌毒素的污染广泛存在,对饲料和粮食造成严重危害,给食品和农业造成巨大的经济损失,因此对霉菌毒素的监管也越来越得到重视。传统霉菌毒素检测方法虽然有着良好的重现性和准确度,但存在试验周期较长,实验过程相对复杂等缺点。霉菌毒素快速检测技术因检测较为快速、灵敏,且检测成本相对较低,实验过程简捷等特点,越来越被市场关注。文章就应用较为广泛的胶体金酶联免疫层析快速检测技术进行比较评价。