玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

海洋细菌B-9987菌株产生的抑菌物质及对几种植物病原真菌的作用

 从海洋生境中分离得到317株菌株,筛选获得1株芽孢杆菌B-9987菌株,其胞外分泌的代谢产物对植物病原真菌有显著的抑制作用,其中对茄交链孢菌、大丽轮枝菌、黄枝孢菌、立枯丝核菌主要是造成真菌孢子或菌丝末端膨大成球状,继而胞壁崩解,原生质外泄;对尖孢镰刀菌和莴苣霜霉菌的抑制作用,则表现为孢子萌发率降低和芽管长度明显变短。该抑菌物质经乙醚萃取,硅胶G薄层层析纯化,官能团显色反应初步推断为酚类化合物。     

新疆阿勒泰地区冬季日降雪特性指标变化分析

基于新疆阿勒泰地区7个观测站1961-2011年冬季逐日降雪量资料,定义了日降雪特性指标:3个级别的降雪频率及贡献率,运用线性趋势、Cubic函数、Morlet小波变换、R/S分析等方法,研究该区冬季日降雪特性指标的气候变化特征。结果表明：阿勒泰地区及各站冬季降雪量与日降雪特性指标均呈显著正相关;日降雪特性指标、冬季降雪量都有明显的年代际变化特征,长期变化趋势均呈显著的线性增多趋势,小雪频率及贡献率最大;小雪频率是大到暴雪频率的近20倍;各站阿勒泰站中雪和大到暴雪频率及贡献率、富蕴站和青河站大到暴雪频率及贡献率、其他站日降雪特性指标对冬季降雪量的影响均显著。Cubic函数拟合表明,小雪频率、贡献率在20世纪90年代中后期发生了由多到少的转型;中雪、大到暴雪频率及其贡献率基本呈单调上升趋势;各站大到暴雪频率、贡献率与全区的基本一致。阿勒泰地区冬季大到暴雪频率及贡献率的变化是造成该地区冬季降雪量发生变化的内在因素;福海站是小雪频率及贡献率变化,其他站是大到暴雪频率及贡献率变化是造成冬季降雪量变化的内在因素。Morlet小波分析表明,日降雪特性指标存在显著的年代际和年际周期变化。R/S分析表明,未来该地区日降雪特性指标呈逐渐减少趋势,尤其是中雪频率和贡献率。     

改进FPAR的煤矿区植被NPP损失研究

基于遥感的CASA模型是测算植被NPP的主要方法之一,当前CASA模型中普遍以月内某一时刻或几个时刻的植被NDVI值计算光合有效辐射吸收比例(FPAR),这一方法忽略了月内FPAR的整体性和连续性,在计算中会产生较大误差.文中以煤矿区为例,首先通过时空自适应反射率融合模型构建高时空分辨率的矿区遥感影像,改进CASA模型中FPAR的计算方法,以FPAR连续函数均值代表月FPAR,并评价改进效果.通过FPAR损失量测算各植被NPP变化量,为煤矿区生态环境变化做出科学的判断.     

青海高原东部农业区建设用地扩张驱动力分析

利用土地利用现状调查与变更调查统计数据,结合历年统计年鉴的社会经济数据,分析了青海高原东部农业区1996-2005年建设用地扩张过程与特点,定量分析建设用地变化的驱动因素。研究结果表明：建设用地的外延扩张迅速,非农建设占用耕地的现象较为突出。各类社会经济驱动因素中,逐步上升的二三产业比重、不断增长的人口压力和城镇化水平...     

不同水氮处理对棉花养分吸收分配的影响

研究了南疆不同水氮处理对棉花N,P,K的吸收分配状况的影响。结果表明:大田水氮管理中前期(蕾期—花期)养分吸收受到一定的抑制作用,吸收量及净吸收率减小,之后与其他施氮处理之间无显著差异,优化施氮处理与常规施氮处理之间养分吸收差异均不显著。随着生育进程,养分分配由营养器官逐渐转向生殖器官,施氮处理中养分分配差异均不显著。优化施氮处理明显降低了施氮量,但产量和养分摄取量基本不受影响,施氮处理中每100Kg皮棉所吸收的N:P2O5:K2O的范围是1:0.32~0.33:1.10~1.14。     

极度干旱区设施蔬菜地土壤硝态氮的分布特征

设施农业中过量施肥和灌溉不仅降低肥料利用率,且容易引发硝酸盐污染风险.以库尔勒英下乡露天菜地为参照,对该地大棚菜地年度氮素输入量、土壤剖面硝态氮累积特征,以及地下水硝态氮含量进行了研究.结果表明:氮素年度输入量大棚菜地＞露天菜地;两种种植方式0-180cm土壤均出现了硝酸盐的明显累积,大棚菜地硝态氮累积量随种植年限的增...     

石羊河流域水资源大规模开发对生态环境的影响

干旱荒漠地区水资源匮乏,生态脆弱,开发利用不当,极易造成绿洲沙漠化。在甘肃、新疆内陆诸河的下游,缺水呼声日渐高涨,生态环境不断恶化,民勤绿洲尤以为甚。本文以石羊河流域水资源的大规模开发为实例,对这一问题进行探讨,得出了“大数量地牵制上游的河、泉水,就等于毁灭下游的绿洲和生态环境”的结论,提出按“流域生态经济区划”优化调度水资源等论点,作为挽救绿洲生态危机的对策。     

转cry1Ab/vip3H基因水稻对非靶标害虫褐飞虱连续多代生长发育与繁殖的影响

实验室条件下,转cry1Ab/vip3H基因水稻G6H1对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生长发育与繁殖的继代效应评价结果表明,不论是在苗期或是成株期,在各水稻品种上连续饲喂褐飞虱4代后,该虫各代的生长发育和繁殖参数都没有受到水稻品种的显著影响,即不论是在第1代、第2代还是第4代,取食G6H1与取食其非转基因亲本Xiushui 110相比,褐飞虱若虫的发育时间、成虫寿命和产卵量都没有显著差异。同时,2008年和2009年的田间调查结果表明,G6H1和Xiushui 110稻田间褐飞虱的若虫、成虫和成若虫总密度均无显著差异。     

底墒差异对压砂地西瓜耗水规律的影响

通过田间试验研究了播前灌水营造底墒差异对压砂地土壤水分动态变化、西瓜耗水规律、西瓜产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：播前灌水造墒处理不同程度提高了1 m土层土壤水分含量,但灌水定额过大（70 m³·667m^-2和55 m³·667m^-2）会引起水分深层渗漏;西瓜生育前期耗水量随着播前灌水量降低而降低;西瓜需水高峰期,当1 m土层底墒在222～270 mm范围内,耗水量随1 m土层底墒增加而降低;底墒差异还会影响收获期1 m土层土壤水分含量;综合西瓜产量和水分利用效率,在试验区域内,当西瓜生育期降雨量在85 mm左右,1 m土层土壤储水量在250 mm就可保证西瓜正常生长。另外,压砂地夏季休闲措施提高了土壤水分含量,1 m土层土壤储水量增加了2.7 mm,为下一季作物提供了良好的土壤水分条件。