Resistance Evaluation of Some Chinese Leading Rice Maintainer, Restorer lines and Their Hybrids to Magnaporthe grisea

Six isolates of Magnaporthe grisea were selected to inoculate on 10 Chinese leading maintainer lines (B-lines), 14 restorer lines (R-lines) and their F1 hybrid plants. In the tested rice materials, R-lines were proved to be more resistant to blast than B-lines.The resistance frequency of about 25% F1 hybrid plants was less than their parents. In addition, 26 isolates of M. grisea collected from different rice growing areas of China were inoculated on 13 new improved hybrid rice combinations. The resistance frequencies of 5 improved hybrids were better than those of the controls and leading varieties in rice production of China.     

Test de descendance pour la résistance àGlobodera pallida Pa2/3 Stone chez la pomme de terre

Résumé Un test de descendance pour la résistance àGlobodera pallida Pa2/3 est décrit. Il consiste à déposer 3 juvéniles sur racine pivotante issue de graine de pomme de terre, cultivée en bo?te de Petri. On dénombre les femelles formées et on analyse les fréquences observées sur une centaine de graines par famille. L'influence de quelques facteurs sur la puissance du test est étudiée: longueur des racines lors du dép?t des juvéniles, conditions de culture des plantules, niveau de plo?die du matériel étudié, état physiologique des juvéniles utilisés comme inoculum. Tous ces facteurs influent particulièrement sur le déterminisme du sexe, donc sur le nombre de femelles développées, et par conséquent sur la puissance du test. Accessoirement, la nature épigénique du déterminisme du sexe deG. pallida est confirmée.

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Summary A test to assess potato progeny resistance toGlobodera pallida Pa 2/3 has been developed. About 100 seeds per cross were grown on an agar medium in Petri dishes. Each tap root was inoculated with three juveniles taken from a population (Chavornay) which had been selected previously for being suitable for this kind of test. The number of females formed per seedling was determined and the observed frequencies analysed to define resistance. Certain factors known to have an effect on the efficiency of the test have been examined: root length at inoculation time, growth conditions of seedlings, ploidy level of tested material, physiological condition of juveniles used as inoculum. All these factors can affect the proportion of females which develop and therefore the efficiency of the test. Inoculation has to be done as soon as possible (Table 1) and the seedlings held under favourable growth conditions (Tables 2 and 3). Juvenile development was best in tetraploid material (Table 4). In contrast, ageing the inoculum in the cold had no effect on the progeny test (Table 5). The test, when used under the right conditions, would enable the breeder to choose among different crosses those in which resistance is best expressed in the progeny. It would allow quantitative inheritance studies of resistance toG. pallida. In addition, this study has further confirmed the effect of external factors on sex determination inG. pallida.

     

Epidemiology,molecular virology and diagnostics of Schmallenberg virus,an emerging orthobunyavirus in Europe

After the unexpected emergence of Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in northern Europe in 2006, another arbovirus, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), emerged in Europe in 2011 causing a new economically important disease in ruminants. The virus, belonging to the Orthobunyavirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family, was first detected in Germany, in The Netherlands and in Belgium in 2011 and soon after in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Denmark and Switzerland. This review describes the current knowledge on the emergence, epidemiology, clinical signs, molecular virology and diagnosis of SBV infection.     

Survey of Anaplasmataceae bacteria in sheep from Senegal

Purpose

The authors studied the role of bacteria belonging to Anaplasmataceae family as the causes of acute illnesses of sheep in West Africa.

Methods

We examined and sampled 120 febrile sheep in two regions of Senegal for this study. The DNA extracted from these blood samples was tested by PCR using two pairs of primers (groEL-based and 16S rRNA gene-based).

Results

In 52/120 samples, the microscopic examination revealed intraerythrocytic and/or intraphagocytic spherical inclusions. In 48/52 cases, we succeeded in identifying the bacterial agent: in 38 cases, it was Anaplasma ovis; in six cases, it was Ehrlichia ruminantium; in two cases, Anaplasma phagocytophilum; in one case, Anaplasma platys; and in one case, a yet uncultured Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. phagocytophilum.

Conclusions

Our studies demonstrated the great variety of pathogenic bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family in the blood of clinically ill sheep. A. ovis was identified unexpectedly often. For the first time, A. phagocytophilum was found in sub-Saharan Africa, and its further epidemiology may be now reconsidered. The roles of canine pathogen, A. platys, and yet undescribed Anaplasma sp. “Badiouré” in ovine pathology should be more closely studied.     

抗生素对细枝木麻黄愈伤组织再生及农杆菌生长的影响

以细枝木麻黄3个无性系水培苗作为材料,研究了硫酸卡那霉素(kanamycin sulfate,Km)对细枝木麻黄愈伤组织诱导、增殖和芽分化的影响,以及头孢霉素(cefotaxime,Cef)、羧苄青霉素(carbenicillin,Cab)和氨苄青霉素(ampicillin,Amp)对农杆菌的抑制效果。结果表明,Km对细枝木麻黄愈伤组织诱导适宜的选择压力是20mg/L,Km选择性筛选愈伤组织增殖的适宜质量浓度为40mg/L,愈伤组织芽分化的选择压力是40～50mg/L。在抗生素抑菌效果方面,Cef质量浓度为200mg/L、Cab300mg/L和Amp500mg/L能完全抑制农杆菌的生长。综合比较,对细枝木麻黄遗传转化研究最理想的抑菌剂是Cef,使用质量浓度低且能有效抑制根癌农杆菌的生长。     

Claw histopathology and parasitic load in natural cases of canine leishmaniosis associated with Leishmania infantum

Histological lesions and the presence of Leishmania spp. amastigotes in claw tissues were investigated in 40 dogs with leishmaniosis, with (16/40--group A) or without (24/40--group B) generalized onychogryphosis. Following euthanasia, the entire third phalanx with intact claw was amputated, formalin fixed, decalcified in a formic acid solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned longitudinally and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and acid orcein-Giemsa. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of Leishmania amastigotes. Lichenoid mononuclear infiltration (all dogs in group A, 21 of 24 dogs in group B), basal keratinocyte vacuolation (nine of 16 dogs in group A, 15 of 24 dogs in group B) and dermoepidermal clefting (13 of 16 dogs in group A, 18 of 24 dogs in group B) were the most prominent histopathological findings. There was no difference in the frequency and severity of these lesions between the two groups. Leishmania amastigotes could not be visualized in the dermis of any of the H&E sections, but their presence was demonstrated by nested PCR in three of 16 dogs in group A and two of 24 dogs in group B. However, the frequency of positive nested PCRs was not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, claw histopathology in symptomatic dogs with leishmaniosis, either with or without onychogryphosis is mainly characterized by mononuclear lichenoid dermatitis with or without interface dermatitis and dermoepidermal clefting, and is not accompanied by substantial local parasitism.     

Eradication of feline dermatophytosis in a shelter: a field study

Enzootic dermatophytosis in a shelter with approximately 140 cats was treated according to a protocol combining identification, isolation and treatment of subclinical carrier and affected animals in accordance with a three‐area system: healthy animals (no lesions and negative cultures), subclinical carrier animals (no lesions but with positive cultures) and clinically affected animals (lesions and positive cultures). The cats were examined and inspected under a Wood’s lamp and had samples taken for fungal culture every 2 weeks. Thirty‐three per cent of the cats had a positive fungal culture at the start of the study. Clinically affected animals and carriers were treated with a 0.2% enilconazole lotion (Imaverol^®) twice a week and given itraconazole (Itrafungol^®) 5 mg/kg SID orally every other week. The environment was treated once a day with a 1% bleach solution and once a week with a 0.6% enilconazole (Clinafarm^®) solution. Treated animals were considered cured after two consecutive negative fungal cultures. All cats were cured within 56 days. Prophylactic measures against dermatophytosis were implemented for new arrivals consisting of individual quarantine and the systematic taking of fungal cultures. No relapses were observed based on the fungal cultures taken from the animals and the environment over the first 10 months.     

Can traditional forest management buffer forest depletion? Dynamics of Moroccan High Atlas Mountain forests using remote sensing and vegetation analysis

On the south shore of the western Mediterranean Basin, mountain forest ecosystems are degraded, mainly due to their overexploitation. Topographic, edaphic and climatic conditions create stressful growing conditions and sensitive ecosystems. Nonetheless, in these ecosystems, forests remain an important resource for the subsistence of local populations. Historically the vulnerability of this resource has prompted mankind to establish traditional control forms of forest and pastoral areas. These common resource management systems are still functioning in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains under the name of agdal which refers to the territory, the resources and access rules laid down by the local population in order to manage the territory.