An index of atmospheric pollution survey in Armadale,Central Scotland

A modified ‘Index of Atmospheric Pollution’ (I.A.P.) survey was carried out in December 1980/January 1981, in Armadale, Central Scotland. The purpose of this survey was to obtain a general picture of the pollution pattern within Armadale and an information base necessary for future detailed metal pollution surveys. The results revealed four different pollution zones in Armadale, with the most polluted zone being in the vicinity of the steel foundry; all zones were slightly elongated in the direction of the main wind axis. These zones probably reflected a combination of the foundry pollution and, to a lesser extent, of the SO₂ pollution from domestic coal combustion. Following on from the I.A.P. survey, several metal pollution studies were carried out within Armadale, one of which has been briefly introduced in this article purely for comparison with the I.A.P. survey. The averages of site metal values inHypnum cupressiforme in each I.A.P. zone were calculated. Both the lichens and mosses in the I.A.P. survey and the indigenousHypnum in the subsequent metal pollution study had been exposed to Armadale's air pollution for several years. Hence, it was thought logical to compare the spatial relationship of the metal zone values to the I.A.P. values in order to determine whether or not metal pollution was playing a role in the formation of the four zones of the I.A.P. survey in Armadale; nevertheless it was considered that further comparisons with subsequent metal pollution studies in Armadale would be necessary before definitive conclusions could be drawn.     

Analysis of loquat germplasm (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl) by RAPD molecular markers

The loquat’s adaptation to Spain has proved very successful. In the Valencia area, the crop has met with very good environmental conditions for its development. Many new cultivars have been selected by growers and a European loquat germplasm collection has been established in Valencia at IVIA. An efficient sampling as well as implementation of germplasm resources requires the accurate identification of plant material. Molecular markers offer an effective tool for cultivar fingerprinting, estimation of genetic similarity and relationships. In this study, as a tool for germplasm management, RAPD markers were tested. Thirty-six primers were used to screen 33 cultivars. Twenty-three primers proved polymorphic. These primers generated 29 polymorphic amplification fragments that were selected as markers. Twenty-two cultivars out of 33 were identified by unique combinations of RAPD markers. Four different combinations were shared by two or more cultivars each. Cluster analysis based on the similarity matrix obtained from Nei’s coefficient among cultivars showed groupings that agreed according to geographical and genetic origin. RAPD technology was useful in distinguishing those cultivars obtained through hybridization but could not be used to distinguish those obtained by selection of mutations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

昆明犬家系兴奋性状选育模式研究

统计昆明犬家系3个世代兴奋性测试记录和系谱数据,对昆明犬兴奋性状不同选育方法进行模拟研究。利用家系系谱资料及F3和F4世代兴奋性状数据,估算个体育种值,依据表型和育种值,对F4犬群按照个体表型、家系表型、个体育种值、家系育种值排序,各选择30%个体,寻找其在F5代中的个体,计算各种选择方法所产生后代的表型和遗传进展,评估各种选择方法对昆明犬兴奋性状选育最优方法。研究表明:选择昆明犬个体育种值好于选择昆明犬家系育种值好于选择家系表型好于选择个体表型,选择昆明犬公犬效果好于选择昆明犬母犬效果。     

某试验基地稻米中铅、镉、砷的检测与分析

[目的]通过检测某水稻种植试验基地生产的稻米中铅、镉、砷的含量,了解其受重金属污染的情况,为进一步研究提供科学依据。[方法]随机抽取试验基地相邻的15丘稻田（每丘约为1亩）分为五个检测组（A、B、C、D、E组,每组约为3亩地）,A组为清水种植,其他四组处理相同。从每亩地的稻谷中随机采集2份样品,共30份进行测量,并依照GB2762-2005食品中污染物限量标准及铅、镉、砷三种重金属总体污染评分（ OPS）进行评估,OPS分为无污染（OPS≤3）、轻微污染（3＜OPS≤6）、中等偏高污染（6＜OPS≤30）和严重污染（OPS＞30）四级。[结果]30份样品中铅、镉、砷含量平均值分别为(0.62±0.47),(0.45±0.09)和(0.29±0.16)mg/kg;超标率分别为83.3％、100％和36.7％。各组间铅（χ2=4.228）、砷（χ2=3.568）含量差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）;镉含量差异有统计学意义（ F=3.160;P＜0.05）;OPS值在5到7之间,铅在 OPS中所占比重最大。[结论]该试验基地稻米存在 Pb、Cd、As含量超标的情况;OPS结果提示该基地稻米重金属污染处于轻微至中等偏高水平,铅是引起稻米重金属污染的主要因素;全部样品中的镉含量均超标。针对以上情况,建议有关部门加强监测,同时进一步探究引起稻米污染的原因。     

木薯品种间乙醇生产性能比较（英文）

选取了以面包树木、SC9为代表的11种木薯品种,分别测定其淀粉含量,并从生料及熟料转化乙醇2个方面对这11种木薯材料进行了比较试验。结果表明,各品种之间淀粉含量存在一定差异,其中SC9最高,淀粉含量达82.33%。熟料发酵生产乙醇明显高于生料发酵,且不同品种乙醇产量存在差异,其中生料发酵最高为H680,乙醇产量9.7%,熟料发酵最高为H609,乙醇产量达13.8%。     

微生物发酵床大栏养殖猪群管理的研究（英文）

[目的]对一栏1 500头的大群体"吃、喝、拉、撒"进行观察管理,以期找到一些简单易行的指标作为大群体猪群的健康指标,为微生物发酵床大栏养殖大猪群生长性能管理提供经验。[方法]从猪的生长日龄和采食量的关系入手,以整群采食量、头均采食量、头均饮水量、群体健康级别划分,个体体长与体重的关系等为指标,研究不同日龄育肥猪的取食量和生长的关系,观察大猪群生长健康状况。[结果]微生物发酵床大栏养殖猪群(1 500头)管理的研究,以猪日龄为核心,观察体重范围、平均体重、日增重、饲喂天数、日采食量范围、日均采食量、阶段采食量、累计采食量、料重比、累计料重比等,建立了一套猪群生长状况动态模型,包括猪体重(y)与日龄(x)模型:y=0.758 9x-19.883(r2=0.993 7);猪增重(y)与日龄(x)幂指数关系模型:y=1.039 5x0.505 1(r2=0.885 4);日均采食量(y)与日龄(x)模型:y=0.0235x-0.334 3(r2=0.991 7);猪料重比(y)与日龄(x)线性关系模型:y=0.022x+0.427 8(r2=0.988 5)等,作为理论值,判别特定日龄下猪生长状况;微生物发酵床大栏养殖猪群的主要病害有:皮炎-痘状斑疹、拉稀-消化道疾病、咳嗽-呼吸道疾病、僵猪-营养不良、眼病-眼结膜炎、外伤-拐脚,未发现烈性传染病。[结论]当猪体重、猪增重、日均采食量、猪料重比实际值低于理论值时,必须寻找原因,加强猪的管理,观察表明,发酵床养猪更加有利于猪的生长。     

5种植物冬季治理重金属效果研究

通过5种植物、基质、钝化剂、重金属浓度对4种重金属吸附能力的正交试验研究表明：伞竹对4种重金属（Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn）综合吸收量为5种植物中效果最好,麦冬次之;EDTA对植物重金属吸收量抑制效果最优,4种钝化剂的治理效果依次为：EDTA＞石灰＞有机肥＞硅肥;珍珠岩最有利于植物对重金属的吸收,5种基质对重金属的治理效果依次为：珍珠岩＞菌渣＞土壤＞炉渣＞河沙;并且以重金属低浓度污染时植物净化效果较为显著。通径分析表明：植物品种的重金属吸收浓度比植物的生物产量在吸收重金属过程中更重要。     

黄河上游玛曲地区近40a蒸发量变化特征分析

利用黄河上游玛曲气象站1969-2008年的蒸发量观测资料,用线性趋势分析、小波分析及突变分析等方法,分析了玛曲近40a蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明:近40a来玛曲年蒸发量呈较为明显的减小趋势,倾向率为-44.3mm/10a,其中90年代这种减小的特征更为突出。玛曲年蒸发量存在较为明显的准10a周期变化和25a较长周期变化特征。年蒸发量在1974年发生了由高向低的突变。40a中玛曲各季节蒸发量普遍呈减小的趋势,其中尤以夏季蒸发量减小的趋势最为明显,春季蒸发量变化较平缓,减少的趋势在各季节中表现最微弱。通过对蒸发量与环境因子之间的相关关系分析表明,气温日较差和风速是影响蒸发量的最重要的因子,气温日较差和风速的明显减小,可能是引起蒸发量下降的主要原因。     

一种风能电能两用式粮仓通风干燥装置方案设计

对利用风能作能源进行粮仓通风干燥的可行性作了分析探讨，提出了一种风能电能两用式粮仓通风装置的方案设计，着重分析了设计中应注意的几个问题，举例说明了设计方案。     

棉花工厂化育苗基质的创新应用

采用棉花秸秆＋煤灰按7：3体积比替代蛭石及河沙进行育苗试验,棉苗出苗率、茎叶生长速度、根系数量及根鲜物质质量均与蛭石＋河沙育苗基质效果相当。棉秸秆成本仅相当于蛭石的1／10,煤灰成本不足河沙的1／5。棉秸秆、煤灰原料充足,作为棉花工厂化育苗基质更具有开发和利用潜力。