Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Citrus viroid I-LSS variants from citrus in Pakistan and China reveals their possible geographic origin

CVd-I-LSS (low sequence similarity), a variant of Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), was first discovered in Japan, and its distribution is currently limited to Japan and Iran. In the present study, seven CVd-I-LSS isolates were detected from different citrus hosts (Citrus sinensis, C. reticulata and C. limettioides) in Pakistan and China. Genetic diversity analysis of 49 cDNAs of CVd-I-LSS isolates showed that the Pakistan population was more diverse than that tested from Japan or China. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the predominant sequences examined into three main clades. Only sequences from the Pakistan isolates were found in all three clades, suggesting Pakistan may be the original source of CVd-I-LSS. Cultivar import records and the close phylogenetic relationship found between CVd-I-LSS from China and Japan suggested that the viroid isolated from China might have originated from Japan.     

油茶果脱壳清选机组设计

为满足用户的需求,设计了油茶果脱壳清选机组,该机组能完成送料、分级、除杂和输送等流水作业,具有很大的推广价值和应用前景。      

多重目标下的中国林业技术效率及其收敛性分析

文中借助2004—2012年省际面板数据, 运用DEA模型测算了“三大效益”最大化目标下的中国林业技术效率并分析其地区差距和收敛性。研究表明:中国林业技术效率水平较高, 但省域林业技术效率较低且差距较大; 中国林业技术效率不存在全域性的绝对σ收敛, 也不存在绝对β收敛; 东部地区和西部地区林业技术效率均存在“俱乐部收敛”且东部地区收敛速度比西部地区更快, 而中部地区则不存在“俱乐部收敛”; 南方集体林区存在“俱乐部收敛”, 而其他林区则不存在“俱乐部收敛”。     

Resistance spectrum assay and fine mapping of the blast resistance gene from a rice experimental line, IRBLta2-Re

In the present study, we performed the resistance assessment by rice blast inoculation on IRBLta2-Re and IRBLta-CP1, the experimental lines supposed to carry rice blast resistance genes Pita2 and Pita, respectively. The analysis by using 196 rice blast isolates derived from China indicated that the resistance spectrum of IRBLta2-Re was broader than that of IRBLta-CP1. Both IRBLta2-Re and IRBLta-CP1 have the Pita gene by analyzing the functional single amino acid difference of Pita/pita locus. To identify the additional gene in IRBLta2-Re, 1250 F₂ individuals from the cross between CO39 and IRBLta2-Re were used as the mapping population. The F₂ population was inoculated with the blast isolate 08-T4 which was incompatible to IRBLta2-Re, but compatible to CO39 and IRBLta-CP1. In the phenotypic data analysis, the F₂ population segregated in a 3:1 ratio for resistant and susceptible plants, respectively, suggesting that IRBLta2-Re has an additional resistance gene other than Pita, which was tentatively designated Pita3(t) (supposed to be Pita2). To identify the Pita3(t), a total of 50 microsatellite and 12 position specific microsatellite markers distributed by two sides of the Pita gene were selected in the parent polymorphism screening. The results showed that PT4 and PT5 were co-segregated with the target gene. A contig map corresponding to the resistance gene and Pita genes was constructed based on the fine mapping and bioinformatics assay. The resistance gene, Pita3(t), was, thus, assumed to be in an interval of approximately 178 kb which containing a total of 5 NBS–LRR genes, and was about 500 kb away from the Pita gene.     

雷州黑鸭体尺性状与屠宰性状间的典型相关分析

为研究雷州黑鸭体尺性状和屠宰性状之间的关系。随机选取60只（公、母各半）300日龄雷州黑鸭进行体尺测量和屠宰试验,进行典型相关分析。结果表明：雷州黑鸭体尺性状和屠宰性状间大部分指标间都达到极显著或显著性水平的正相关（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）,少部分的指标间的相关性为负相关。典型相关分析结果为：雷州黑鸭体尺性状与屠宰性状间的第1~2对典型相关系数为0.767、0.729,分别达到了极显著性水平(P＜0.01)和显著性水平(P＜0.05),分别占两组性状总相关信息的42.5%、33.7%。在两组性状中起主要作用的为体斜长、胫围、半净膛重和全净膛重。     

Labile, recalcitrant, and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools of a tallgrass prairie soil in the US Great Plains subjected to experimental warming and clipping

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes are largely controlled by the small but highly bio-reactive, labile pools of these elements in terrestrial soils, while long-term C and N storage is determined by the long-lived recalcitrant fractions. Changes in the size of these pools and redistribution among them in response to global warming may considerably affect the long-term terrestrial C and N storage. However, such changes have not been carefully examined in field warming experiments. This study used sulfuric acid hydrolysis to quantify changes in labile and recalcitrant C and N fractions of soil in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem that had been continuously warmed with or without clipping for about 2.5 years. Warming significantly increased labile C and N fractions in the unclipped plots, resulting in increments of 373 mg C kg⁻¹ dry soil and 15 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil, over this period whilst clipping significantly decreased such concentrations in the warmed plots. Warming also significantly increased soil microbial biomass C and N in the unclipped plots, and increased ratios of soil microbial/labile C and N, indicating an increase in microbial C- and N-use efficiency. Recalcitrant and total C and N contents were not significantly affected by warming. For all measured pools, only labile and microbial biomass C fractions showed significant interactions between warming and clipping, indicating the dependence of the warming effects on clipping. Our results suggest that increased soil labile and microbial C and N fractions likely resulted indirectly from warming increases in plant biomass input, which may be larger than warming-enhanced decomposition of labile organic compounds.     

四川省紫茎泽兰危害状况与治理对策

较详细地论述了外来入侵生物紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum在四川的最新分布状况、蔓延趋势及对畜牧业、农业、林业与生物多样性的危害,并针对其分布、危害规律,提出了具体的治理对策和措施.     

Growth performance and carcass quality are not different between pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented low-oil DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS,but pelleting improves gain to feed ratio regardless of source of DDGS

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented, low oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is not different from that of pigs fed diets containing conventional DDGS regardless of the physical form of the diets. A total of 160 barrows and gilts were used. There were 4 diets, 10 pens per diet, and 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed a common phase 1 diet that did not contain DDGS during the initial 7 d post-weaning. Pigs were then allotted to the four diets that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two sources of DDGS (cold-fermented and conventional DDGS) and two diet forms (meal and pellets). Pigs were fed phase 2 diets from day 7 to 21 and phase 3 diets from day 21 to 43 post-weaning. All diets were based on corn and soybean meal, but phase 2 diets also contained 15% DDGS and phase 3 diets contained 30% DDGS. From day 43, pigs were fed grower diets for 38 d, early finisher diets for 38 d, and late finisher diets for 18 d and these diets also contained 30% DDGS. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis and daily feed allotments were recorded. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of each phase and at the conclusion of the experiment. On the last day of the experiment, the pig in each pen with a body weight that was closest to the pen average was slaughtered and carcass measurements were determined. Combined results for the two nursery phases indicated that feeding meal diets instead of pelleted diets increased (P < 0.001) average daily feed intake and decreased (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F). However, no differences between the two sources of DDGS were observed for the overall growth performance of weanling pigs. For the entire growing-finishing period, the source of DDGS did not affect growth performance, but pigs fed meal diets had reduced (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed the pelleted diets. There were no differences between the two sources of DDGS for carcass characteristics. Back fat was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed pelleted diets than for pigs fed meal diets. In conclusion, no differences in growth performance or carcass characteristics between pigs fed cold-fermented DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS were observed. However, pigs fed pelleted diets had greater G:F and greater back fat than pigs fed meal diets.     

饲养方式对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡屠体性状的影响

本研究选择笼养和放养条件下49周龄的卢氏绿壳蛋鸡各20只（公母各半）,测定了其屠体性状。结果表明,饲养方式对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡的活重、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率、翅重、心脏重、肝脏重、脾重、肠重、胃重和生殖器官重的影响均差异不显著（P>0.05）。饲养方式对公鸡的各项指标影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,而对母鸡的头重、颈重、脚重影响很大（P<0.01）;相同饲养条件下公鸡的全净膛率、腹脂率、头重、脚重、颈重、翅重、心脏重和肠重极显著高于母鸡（P<0.01）,对肝脏重、脾脏重和胃重的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;笼养时公鸡的活重、腿肌率和生殖器官重显著高于母鸡（P<0.05）,而对半净膛率和胸肌率的影响不显著（P>0.05）;放养时母鸡的生殖器官重极显著的高于母鸡（P<0.01）;不同饲养条件下,公鸡头重、颈重、肠重、生殖器官重与屠宰率相关性不显著（P>0.05）;母鸡脚重、翅重、肠重、脾脏重与屠宰率的相关性显著（P<0.05）。