微量金属元素对中低温厌氧消化工艺的影响

[目的]探究微量金属元素对中低温厌氧消化工艺的影响。[方法]通过向序批式反应体系内投放微量金属元素(Fe、Co、Ni),研究不同温度条件下,厌氧消化效率的差异。[结果]35℃条件下,厌氧发酵对底物消耗更为迅速,产气效率更高,而20℃条件下,则更有利于刺激嗜冷产甲烷菌群的活性,各处理的p H多维持在6.5~7.0,更适宜厌氧发酵反应的进行。其产生的沼气,甲烷含量也相对更高,其中WP20处理平均甲烷含量可达52%。而投放微量金属元素,对不同菌种的刺激效果存在一定差异,在20℃条件下,微量元素对W菌种厌氧发酵产气效率影响最为显著;35℃条件下,微量元素对G1菌种影响较为明显,G1P35累计产气量达7 129 m L。[结论]该研究可为深入探讨低温条件下沼气生物强化菌群的微生物特性、环境因子互作、菌群时空分布和种群动力学提供技术支撑。     

不同土地利用方式下表层土壤大团聚体特征

土壤大团聚体含量能表征土壤结构稳定性,反映土壤结构变化趋势。本研究在辽河干流中下游流域主要沙化区分析湿地、林地、农田和草地4种土地利用方式对0-20cm土层土壤大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量和稳定性的影响,及各粒径大团聚体的空间异质性,并进行空间插值模拟其分布。结果显示,农田土壤团聚体破坏率最大,达到46.98%,林地最小,为26.36%;依据土壤水稳性大团聚体含量、团聚体颗粒平均重量直径和几何平均直径,评价土壤结构稳定性强弱为湿地林地农田草地;4种土地利用导致土壤大团聚体稳定性差异显著(P0.05),湿地和草地之间的差异性最显著;湿地土壤结构相对最好,其次是林地和农田,草地相对最差。本研究结果可为辽河干流流域土地沙化程度评价及分区治理提供参考依据。     

中国原木进口与木质林产品出口的动态分析

1992-2014年中国木质林产品出口总值增长37.7倍,年均增长率达到17.94%;而原木进口总值增长25.6倍,年均增长率为15.89%。原木进口与木质林产品出口存在相同的增长趋势。文中以原木进口总值和木质林产品出口总值数据为基础建立VECM模型,并通过正交化脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析证明,中国原木进口与林产品出口之间存在正相关关系,原木进口显著推动了中国木质林产品的出口,但原木的供应不足也将制约林产品出口规模的进一步扩大。因此,缓解原木供求矛盾和优化林产品出口结构成为推动林产品贸易健康发展亟待解决的问题。     

Effects of thermal-time artificial scarification on the germination dynamics of black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> L.) seeds

The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of methods for the artificial scarification of black locust seeds based on the influence of the air and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Three populations were selected for the analyses: a managed tree stand, a selected seed stand and a seed orchard. Samples of 200 seeds (4 × 50) were randomly selected. Before scarification, the seeds were stored at ?70 °C for 24 h. Nine different scarification treatments were evaluated. To calculate the germination capacity and the dynamics of germination, observations were made on days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 after treatment. For statistical analyses, we used repeated measures analysis of variance. The obtained results indicated that the highest scarification efficiency for black locust seeds occurred in the treatment in liquid nitrogen and in an air temperature range of 85–90 °C. The provenance of seeds had a significant effect on the dynamics of germination. Thermal methods and the use of liquid nitrogen can be alternatives to the labour intensive methods of cutting the seeds or using measures that require specialised equipment.     

裂叶桦和欧洲白桦叶片形态特征及相关基因表达特性比较

为了探寻欧洲白桦变种裂叶桦的叶缘分裂机制。以2种桦树为研究对象,在叶片形态特征和解剖特征观测的基础上,进行了顶芽及叶片叶尖、裂片及凹缺等不同组织部位相关基因表达定量分析、内源激素IAA含量测定以及IAA活体标记的GUS染色分析。结果表明,裂叶桦叶片两侧叶缘自叶基到叶尖分裂出由大到小3~4个裂片,叶背面的叶脉呈明显的管状隆起,叶宽、平均二级脉间距、主脉横切面积等分别较欧洲白桦大了21.12%、12.64%、21.46%。BpmiR164s及靶基因的组织表达特性分析结果证明,BpmiR164-2及靶基因BpCUC2与裂片的形成关系密切,是裂叶性状产生的主要调控基因。生长素输出载体BpPINs基因的组织表达特性分析结果证明,6个基因中只有BpPIN2和BpPIN5在裂叶桦的叶尖、裂片及顶芽等组织器官中呈现上调表达。内源激素IAA的活体标记发现,在顶芽、幼叶中IAA的含量较高,而在叶片中,叶尖、叶齿及裂片处是激素的高表达部位,利用液相色谱—质谱联用仪(LC-MS)对2种桦树的上述不同组织部位的生长素测定也证明了激素的上述分布特点。综合上述,裂叶桦裂片产生是激素在叶脉、叶缘的极性运输及相关基因调控的结果。      

学术期刊编辑应妥善处理专家外审修后再审稿件

对作者按外审专家审稿意见进行修改的修改稿再次进行学术把关,已受到国内外期刊编辑的重视。本文从提高论文学术质量、促进审稿人与作者的双向学术交流和减轻终审负担3个方面分析了稿件修后再审的必要性,按修后再审稿件的评判、退修和复审3个步骤阐述了编辑应如何处理外审阶段修后再审稿件。最后就修后再审中可能存在的增加审稿人负担和延长稿件发表时滞问题进行讨论。     

5种入侵植物提取物对2种芒果病原真菌的抑制作用

以马缨丹(Lantana camara Linn.)、薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha Kunth.)、含羞草(Mimosa pudica Linn.)、假臭草(Praxelis clematidea Cassini.)和三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata(L.)Hitchc.)为材料,采用菌丝生长速率法研究这5种入侵植物乙醇提取物对芒果炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和蒂腐菌Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat的抑菌活性,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析假臭草的主要抑菌物质。菌丝生长速率法的实验结果表明:5种入侵植物提取液对2种病原真菌均具有抑菌活性,且抑菌效果随浓度的增加而增强;其中马缨丹提取物对蒂腐菌抑制效果最好,其EC50为10.39 g·L~(-1),假臭草提取液对炭疽菌和蒂腐菌均有较强的抑菌效果,EC_(50)分别为14.70 g·L~(-1)和14.77 g·L~(-1)。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法分析鉴定了假臭草提取物中的14种化学成分,其中4,5,6,7-四甲氧基黄酮、熊果苷和1,2,4-环己三醇这3种物质占总含量的81.85%。     

空心村废弃宅基地复垦策略

废弃宅基地复垦是空心村整治的重要内容,而复垦后耕层土壤质量往往不如人意。笔者以提高废弃宅基地复垦耕层质量为目标,从复垦方向的确定、拆除工程的实施、田块设计、耕层土壤工程重构、培肥改良5 个方面对复垦策略进行优化,提出废弃宅基地复垦包括耕层土壤工程重构和肥力重构两个重要步骤,并对废弃宅基地耕层土壤快速培肥进行了探讨。     

No consistent daily variation in DNA methylation detected in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus nigra</Emphasis> leaves by methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis

DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression, has an important biological role in plant development and environmental fitness. Since plant DNA methylation is closely related to environmental conditions, variation during the day is expected. Here, in genetically identical plants of Populus nigra clone N46, DNA methylation changes in leaves over a 24 h period were detected using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism method. The results showed different DNA methylation patterns in mature poplar leaves: not only in individuals at the same time, but also in samples at each of the six time during the day. In addition, night samples had a higher percentage of methylation than in morning samples. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the samples gathered at different times. Similar results were obtained for three other P. nigra clones with different genetic backgrounds. Real time qPCR showed that the DNA methyltransferase genes Pt-MET1 and Pt-SOM1 involved in CG DNA methylation in poplar were stable over a 24 h period in leaves of P. nigra N46 compared with circadian-controlled genes. That could be part of the reason that methylation of CCGG sites is stable in those leaves. That DNA methylation differed even in genetically identical plants indicates the specificity of DNA methylation changes in their genomes. No statistically significant differences in methylation changes were found between day and night, suggesting that DNA methylation is more stable than expected and is unlikely to be involved in circadian regulation in plants.     

老挝沙湾水经济区生态用地利用评价

[目的]探索老挝沙湾水经济区的生态用地特征,为土地利用规划提供依据,并保证在土地合理利用的同时,保障生态环境的健康发展。[方法]从景观格局和生态敏感性2个方面选取适宜的指标,并采用变异系数法,客观确定评价因子权重,综合评价研究区内生态用地的敏感程度和空间分布。[结果]极敏感区、高敏感区、中敏感区、低敏感区、不敏感区分别占研究区总面积的1.42%,19.36%,32.85%,46.01%,0.36%;林地景观类型破碎度相对其他景观类型最低,受人类活动干扰最小;水域和农用地景观类型破碎度最高,形状复杂,受人类活动影响严重;建设用地景观类型由于研究区自身发展条件的制约,面积较小,破碎度相对其他景观类型而言位处于中等水平。[结论]研究区生态用地可划分为生态用地优先建设区、生态用地次优先建设区、生态用地过渡区和生态用地保育区4种生态用地类型。