Infection with Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae and Vibrio harveyi in snapper, Pagrus auratus with bloat

OBJECTIVE: To diagnose the cause of chronic, low mortality associated with bloat in tanks of snapper at an aquaculture facility. DESIGN: A clinical, pathological and microbiological investigation into the cause of a low number of ongoing mortalities associated with bloat in snapper at an aquaculture facility is outlined. Necropsy, histology, microbiology and a comparison of haematology and water analysis from affected and unaffected fish and holding tanks, respectively were conducted. RESULTS: Affected moribund fish were found in lateral or dorsal recumbency floating on the water surface within 24 hours of death. Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae was isolated from intestinal contents and Vibrio harveyi from the blood of affected fish and both were isolated from culture water. Both V harveyi and P damselae subspecies damselae isolates were sensitive to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole plus trimethoprim. Environmental parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen were similar in tanks of affected and unaffected fish. Affected fish had gas distended swimbladders, anaemia, and the intestines were diffusely distended with a clear, pale yellowish fluid. Livers were mottled tan and green in a zonal pattern. Histologically the intestines of fish from tanks suffering mortality had a moderate granulocytic enteritis with oedema and infiltrations with eosinophilic granule cells that were also present as an infiltrate in the gills. There were elevated numbers of melanomacrophage centres and haemosiderin deposits in the spleen, kidney and liver of affected fish. CONCLUSION: Vibrio harveyi and Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae infection should be recognised as potential pathogens of snapper held in water of less than optimal quality.     

Constructing ecological networks: a tool to infer risk of transmission and dispersal of leishmaniasis

We extend a recently developed method for constructing ecological networks to infer potential biotic interactions between species and to also include environmental factors, in particular land cover, thus permitting a simultaneous analysis of the interaction between environment and species distribution as well as inter-species interactions. We apply the method to the transmission and dispersal of leishmaniasis in Mexico. We find that the most important potential vectors and reservoirs can be classified into assemblages associated with different types of habitat. This in turn can be used to understand and map potential transmission risk, as well as to construct risk scenarios for the dispersal of disease from one geographical region to another.     

如何提高仔猪饲料中小麦的利用率

<正>用最具成本效益的方法配制猪饲料是提高养猪场经济利润的一种重要手段。但是,具有最低成本的饲料配制方法往往会就几种主要饲料原料的饲喂价值进行过于简单的假设,同时还假定各饲料原料的养分具有相加性。这种情况会因饲料添加剂的加入而进一步混乱,或受到潜在的损害,因为饲料添加剂旨在使饲料释放更多的能量和/或氨基酸。因此,饲料配方师不得不充分确保某种添加剂将持     

Stand-replacing patches within a ‘mixed severity’ fire regime: quantitative characterization using recent fires in a long-established natural fire area

The complexity inherent in variable, or mixed-severity fire regimes makes quantitative characterization of important fire regime attributes (e.g., proportion of landscape burned at different severities, size and distribution of stand-replacing patches) difficult. As a result, there is ambiguity associated with the term ‘mixed-severity’. We address this ambiguity through spatial analysis of two recent wildland fires in upper elevation mixed-conifer forests that occurred in an area with over 30 years of relatively freely-burning natural fires. We take advantage of robust estimates of fire severity and detailed spatial datasets to investigate patterns and controls on stand-replacing patches within these fires. Stand-replacing patches made up 15% of the total burned area between the two fires, which consisted of many small patches (<4 ha) and few large patches (>60 ha). Smaller stand-replacing patches were generally associated with shrub-dominated (Arctostaphylos spp. and Ceanothus spp.) and pine-dominated vegetation types, while larger stand-replacing patches tended to occur in more shade-tolerant, fir-dominated types. Additionally, in shrub-dominated types stand-replacing patches were often constrained to the underlying patch of vegetation, which for the shrub type were smaller across the two fire areas than vegetation patches for all other dominant vegetation types. For white and red fir forest types we found little evidence of vegetation patch constraint on the extent of stand-replacing patches. The patch dynamics we identified can be used to inform management strategies for landscapes in similar forest types.     

Atmospheric residence time of CH3Br estimated from the junge spatial variability relation

The atmospheric residence time for methyl bromide (CH3Br) has been estimated as 0.8 +/- 0.1 years from its empirical spatial variability relative to C2H6, C2Cl4, CHCl3, and CH3Cl. This evaluation of the atmospheric residence time, based on Junge's 1963 general proposal, provides an estimate for CH3Br that is independent of source and sink estimates. Methyl bromide from combined natural and anthropogenic sources furnishes about half of the bromine that enters the stratosphere, where it plays an important role in ozone destruction. This residence time is consistent with the 0.7-year value recently calculated for CH3Br from the combined strength estimates for its known significant sinks.     

Management of bilateral flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joints in three alpaca crias

Three neonatal alpacas were treated for MCP flexural deformities. Two crias responded well to conservative therapy using splints made from fibreglass cast material. One cria with severe deformity failed to respond to conservative treatment but recovered satisfactorily after transection of the suspensory ligament in both legs. It seems that mild cases of flexural deformity of the MCP joint in alpaca crias respond well to conservative therapy but that surgical correction may be required in more severe cases. Sequential transection of the structures limiting extension of the MCP joint may result in fewer complications than previously reported techniques.     

What matters for lagging regions? The role of self-employment and industrial diversity in distressed areas

Previous research suggests that having more self-employed or entrepreneurs can contribute to higher levels of economic growth in distressed areas. Additionally, self-employment in certain industries may be more beneficial to growth. Other research has linked industrial diversity to entrepreneurship and regional growth, especially in urban areas. However, the relationship between industrial diversity, self-employment, and growth in lagging or distressed regions is less clear. To examine these linkages in distressed areas, we first identify a group of distressed counties based on historic data. Then, using detailed industry-level self-employment data, we appraise whether having more self-employed from certain industries is associated with regional growth. We also analyze the relationship between industrial diversity and overall growth and the propensity to be self-employed. The results suggest that having more self-employment overall and in some key industries is associated with more employment growth in distressed counties. We also find that the relationship between economic diversity and self-employment varies by industry and region.     

The place of herbicides in the potato crop

Summary Cultivation of potato fields after planting is shown to be primarily for weed control and only of limited benefit to the crop itself. Yields have often been reduced by an excessive number of postplanting cultivations. The conventional management system using frequent post-planting cultivations has the disadvantage of increasing the spread of potato virus X, encouraging the formation of stable soil clods in the ridges by the passage of implements, and increasing susceptibility of the crop to frost after emergence. Moreover, the need for inter-row cultivation imposes a limitation on the spatial arrangement of plants in the field. The potato is highly susceptible to weed competition, but comparatively indifferent to the degree of post-planting cultivation. If herbicides are to replace cultivation as a method of weed control they must be effective and leave no toxic residue in the tubers. Suitable herbicides, many of them mixtures, have been found and specific local recommendations have been made. No single herbicide or mixture of herbicides is likely to be successful under the wide range of growing conditions and weed problems met in practice. The implications of replacing cultivation with herbicides are being widely investigated but so far no alternative to the system of plant arrangement in standard use has shown an outstanding advantage.

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Zusammenfassung Wichtigste Aufgabe der Bodenbearbeitung nach dem Auspflanzen ist die Bek?mpfung der Unkr?uter; sie ist für die Kartoffel von geringem direktem Nutzen. Obwohl die Ertr?ge in Versuchen oft durch übertriebene Bodenbearbeitung vermindert wurden. bleibt der weitverbreitete Glaube bestehen, dass Kartoffeln nicht ohne h?ufige und gründliche Bodenbearbeitung erfolgreich angebaut werden k?nnen. Bodenbearbeitung nach dem Auspflanzen bewirkt vorübergehend eine Bek?mpfung des Unkrauts, hat aber den Nachteil, die weitere Keimung von Unkraut zu f?rdern, das Kartoffelvirus X auszubreiten und z?he Erdklumpen zu bilden, die bei der mechanisierten Ernte st?rend wirken; ferner dürfte unter gewissen Umst?nden der gelockerte Boden weniger W?rme abgeben, was die M?glichheit von Sch?den durch Ausstrahlungsfroste am Blattwerk erh?ht. Ein weiterer Nachteil aller Formen mechanischer Reihenbearbeitung liegt in der Beschr?nkung, die sie der r?umlichen Anordnung der Pflanzen im Feld auferlegt. Die Kartoffel ertr?gt die Konkurrenz des Unkrautes nicht gut. Wenn Herbizide die mechanische Bodenbearbeitung als Unkrautbek?mpfungsmethode ersetzet sollen, müssen sie wirksam sein und keine sch?dlichen Rückst?nde in den Knollen hinterlassen. Herbizide variieren in ihren Wirkungen auf die Kartoffel, und in kleinerem Ausmass reagieren auch die Kartoffelsorten unterschiedlich. Verschiedene Herbizide sind nun zur Anwendung vor dem Auflaufen der Pflanzen empfohlen worden, n?mlich Paraquat, Dinoseb, Linuron, Monolinuron und Prometryn. Nach dem Auflaufen werden die Pflanzen leichter durch Herbizide gesch?digt, und obwohl 2,4-D und MCPA in begrenztem Umfang angewendet wurden, wird keines dieser Mittel sehr empfohlen. Behandlung mit Dalapon oder TCA vor dem Auspflanzen wird ebenfalls praktiziert, wenn das Grundstück mit Quecken (Agropyron repens) stark verunkrautet ist. Die h?ufig gebrauchten Herbizide im Kartoffelbau sind in dertabelle zusammengestellt. Offizielle Empfehlungen für die Anwendung von Herbiziden vor den Auspflanzen und vor dem Auflaufen basieren auf lokalen Bedingungen,und weder ein allgemein zuverl?ssig wirksames, einzelnes Herbizid, noch eine Mischung von Herbiziden hat Aussicht, bei der Vielfalt der Wachstumsbedingungen und der Unkrautprobleme in der Praxis erfolgreich zu sein. Wenn die Zahl der Bearbeitungsg?nge durch das Kartoffelfeld nach dem Auspflanzen durch die Anwendung von Herbiziden vermindert werden kann, werden sich zwei unmittelbare Vorteile ergeben. Erstens wird die Ausbreitung des Kartoffelvirus X eingeschr?nkt und zweitens wird die Erdklumpenbildung fast ganz verhütet. Wenn die Erdklumpenbildung verhütet werden k?nnte, würde dies die vollmechanisierte Ernte auf schwereren B?den sehr erleichtern. Die jetzt gebr?uchlichen Reihenabst?nde k?nnten radikal ge?ndert werden, wenn die mechanische Bodenbearbeitung nach dem Auspflanzen sich erübrigen würde, doch hat sich aus den untersuchten, alternierenden Versuchsverfahren noch kein anhaltender Vorteil ergeben.

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Résumé Nous avons montré que la fonction première de l'ameublissement du sol après la plantation était de détruire les mauvaises herbes; cet ameublissement a peu d'avantage direct pour la récolte. Bien que les expériences ont montré qu'un travail excessif du sol réduit souvent les rendements, l'opinion est largement répandue selon laquelle les pommes de terre ne peuvent donner un plein rendement sans de fréquents et complets ameublissements du sol. Le travail du sol après plantation réalise une destruction temporaire des mauvaises herbes mais il apporte aussi les désavantages de favoriser la germination de nouvelles mauvaises herbes, de propager le virus X de la pomme de terre et de former des mottes de terre dures qui contrarient la récolte mécanique; en outre, un sol dérangé peut, sous certaines circonstances, rayonner moins de chaleur durent les gelées par rayonnement accroissant ainsi les chances de dommages du froid au feuillage. Un inconvénient supplémentaire de toutes les formes de travail du sol entre les lignes est qu'il limite les dispositions spatiales des plantes dans le champ. La pomme de terre est très susceptible à la compétition des mauvaises herbes. Si les herbicides doivent, en tant que méthode de destruction des plantes nuisibles remplacer le travail du sol, ils doivent être efficaces et ne laisser aucun résidu nuisible dans les tubercules. Les herbicides ont des effets variables sur la pomme de terre, et, à un degré moindre, les variétés diffèrent dans leur réaction. Actuellement plusieurs herbicides ont été recommandés pour l'utilisation avant la levée, notamment les paraquat, dinoseb, linuron, monolinuron et prométryne. Apès la levée, la culture est plus facilement endommagée par les herbicides et, bien que le 2,4-D et le MCPA aient été utilisés dans une mesure limitée, aucun n'est largement recommandé. Le traitement avant la plantation avec le dalapon ou le TCA est également pratiqué là où le chiendent (Agropyron repens) infeste le sol. Dans letableau figurent les herbicides communément utilisés dans la culture de la pomme de terre. Les recommendations officielles pour l'utilisation d'herbicides avant la plantation et avant la levée sont basées sur les conditions locales et aucun herbicide simple ou mélange d'herbicides ne peut être universellement utilisé avec pleine efficacité et en toute sécurité dans les nombreuses conditions de croissance et pour tous les problèmes de mauvaises herbes rencontrés dans le pratique. Deux avantages immédiats résulteront de la réduction de la circulation dans le champ après plantation grace à l'utilisation des herbicides: d'abord l'extension du virus X peut être réduite et, ensuite, la formation de mottes de terre est presque totalement empêchée. Si l'absence de mottes pouvait être assurée, l'arrachage complètement mécanique dans les sols lourds serait grandement facilité. Les espacements entre les lignes en usage présentement pourraient être radicalement changés si le travail du sol après la plantation n'était pas plus longtemps requis, mais les divers espacements qui ont été expérimentés n'ont pas encore révélé de valeur certaine.

     

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of methomyl and oxamyl on vegetable crops

A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the separation and determination of residues of the carbamates oxamyl and methomyl on vegetables. A liquid-liquid extraction and cleanup procedure is applied to the vegetable extract. Samples are eluted from a muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. Recovery data for vegetable samples spiked at 2 ppm are presented.