Animal‐Level Factors Affecting Ovarian Function in Bos indicus Heifers Treated to Synchronize Ovulation with Intravaginal Progesterone‐Releasing Devices and Oestradiol Benzoate

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of animal‐level factors including energy balance and environmental/management stress, on the ovarian function of Bos indicus heifers treated to synchronize ovulation. Two‐year‐old Brahman (BN) (n = 30) and BN‐cross (n = 34) heifers were randomly allocated to three intravaginal progesterone‐releasing device (IPRD) treatment groups: (i) standard‐dose IPRD [Cue‐Mate^® (CM) 1.56 g; n = 17]; (ii) half‐dose IPRD [0.78 g progesterone (P₄); CM 0.78 g; n = 15]; (iii) half‐dose IPRD + 300 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin at IPRD removal (CM 0.78 g + G; n = 14); (iv) and a control group, 2× PGF_2α [500 μg prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α)] on Day ?16 and ?2 (n = 18). Intravaginal progesterone‐releasing device‐treated heifers received 250 μg PGF_2α at IPRD insertion (Day ?10) and IPRD removal (Day ?2) and 1 mg oestradiol benzoate on Day ?10 and ?1. Heifers were managed in a small feedlot and fed a defined ration. Ovarian function was evaluated by ultrasonography and plasma P₄ throughout the synchronized and return cycles. Energy balance was evaluated using plasma insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐I) and glucose concentrations. The impact of environmental stressors was evaluated using plasma cortisol concentration. Heifers that had normal ovarian function had significantly higher IGF‐I concentrations at commencement of the experiment (p = 0.008) and significantly higher plasma glucose concentrations at Day ?2 (p = 0.040) and Day 4 (p = 0.043), than heifers with abnormal ovarian function. There was no difference between the mean pre‐ovulatory cortisol concentrations of heifers that ovulated or did not ovulate. However, heifers that ovulated had higher cortisol concentrations at Day 4 (p = 0.056) and 6 (p = 0.026) after ovulation than heifers that did not ovulate.     

Threonine requirement for reproduction in swine

An experiment was conducted to estimate the threonine requirement of pregnant swine. L-threonine was added to a fortified corn-gelatin diet and fed at a rate to provide five threonine levels of 3.59, 4.95, 6.31, 7.67 and 9.03 g/d. Twenty-five crossbred gilts were randomly assigned to these five dietary treatments. Increasing threonine resulted in a difference (P less than .01) in nitrogen (N) retention, with maximum retention at 4.95 g/d threonine intake. Blood samples were drawn before and after feeding. Although plasma urea N did not change significantly, the lowest level occurred at an intake of 4.95 g/d threonine. As threonine intake increased, plasma threonine increased quadratically (P less than .05). This increase was accompanied by a quadratic (P less than .005) decrease in plasma lysine. Sow weight gains increased quadratically (P less than .01) with increasing threonine levels. Litter weight, number of pigs born, baby pig gains, daily milk yield and milk protein were not influenced by threonine levels. The lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity of the sow liver samples increased linearly (P less than .05) as dietary threonine levels increased. Based upon metabolic criteria 4.95 g/d L-threonine met the requirement for animals in this experiment. If 75% of threonine in a corn-soybean meal diet is available, the threonine requirement for reproduction would be no higher than 5.4 g/d or .30% dietary threonine when daily feed intake is 1.82 kg.     

Ultrastructure of schizonts and merozoites of Sarcocystis neurona

The ultrastructure of Sarcocystis neurona schizonts and merozoites was studied in specimens derived from cell culture and from the brains of infected mice. Schizonts and merozoites were located in the host cell cytoplasm without a parasitophorous vacuole at any stage of development. Merozoites divided by endopolygeny. Fully formed merozoites had a pellicle, numerous polysomes and ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 9-16 dense granules, 25-75 micronemes, a plastid, a Golgi complex, 1-3 mitochondria, a conoid, 2 apical rings, 2 polar rings, 0-6 lipid bodies, a nucleus and nucleolus, but no rhoptries. Most micronemes were located anterior to the nucleus including 1-6 micronemes in the conoid. Merozoites were either slender (7.3 microm x 1.7 microm) or stumpy (7.7 microm x 3.1 microm). Dense granules appeared to arise from the maturation face of the Golgi complex. The ultrastructure of in vitro derived schizonts and merozoites were similar to in vivo derived organisms.