Impacts of formal credit on rural household income: Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort. Thus, it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households. In 2012, 2015, and 2018, a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China, including counties in Guizhou, Yunnan, and Shaanxi provinces. We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect. We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households' income in deprived areas in western China. Furthermore, formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households' decisions about investment-consumption behavior. These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income. Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas. The individual characteristics of rural households, such as different levels of material capital, human capital, and social capital, bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth. This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas, but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.     

Variation of carbon partitioning in newly expanded maize leaves and plant adaptive growth under extended darkness

Plants must maintain a balance between their carbon(C) supply and utilization during the day–night cycle for continuous growth since C starvation often causes irreversible damage to crop production. It is not well known how C fixation and allocation in the leaves of crops such as maize adapt to sudden environmental changes. Here, to quantify primary C fixation and partitioning in photosynthetic maize leaves under extended darkness and to relate these factors to plant growth, maize seedlings were subjected to extended darkness(ED) for three successive days at the 6 th leaf fully expanded stage(V6). ED reduced plant growth and leaf chlorophyll levels but not the rate of net CO_2 exchange. As a result of the reduction in photoassimilates, the accumulation of starch and total soluble carbohydrates(TSC) in mature leaves also decreased under ED. However, the percentage of the daily C fixation reserved in mature leaves increased. These transient C pools were largely composed of TSC and were mainly used for consumption by increased nocturnal respiration rather than for transport. As the days went on, both the amount of C accumulated and the percentage of the daily fixed C that was reserved in leaves decreased, which could be largely accounted for by the attenuated starch synthesis in all treatments. The activities of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase decreased significantly over time. Therefore, this study concluded that both starch and TSC are involved in the coordination of the C supply and plant growth under a sudden C shortage but that they may be involved in different ways. While the ratio of reserved C to daily fixed C increased to maintain blade function under acute C starvation, both the amount and the proportion of C reserved in mature leaves decreased as plant growth continued in order to meet the growth demands of the plant.     

铝胁迫下DL-异柠檬酸-γ-内酯难杉木根系分泌氨基酸的影响

采用正交回归旋转试验设计进行1年生杉木幼苗水培试验，通过数学建模分析不同试验条件（pH值、活性Al浓度、DL-异柠檬酸-γ-内酯浓度及营养浓度）对杉木根系分泌物中氨基酸含量理论值的影响。方差分析结果显示，在活性Al胁迫15d、30d时，培养液总氨基酸浓度不仅受到活性铝浓度线性正相关和非线性负相关的影响，而且还受到其与营养液浓度交互作用正相关以及DL-异柠檬酸-γ-内酯和营养液浓度交互作用负相关的影响。在铝胁迫45d时，培养液氨基酸浓度除前期的影响因素外，同时还受到DL-异柠檬酸-γ-内酯的非线性负相关作用的影响。而在3个不同的铝胁迫时期，pH值对杉木幼苗根系分泌总氨基酸浓度的影响均不显著。从总氨基酸浓度理论值的变化曲线可知，培养液总氨基酸浓度总体上随着活性Al浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势；随着DL-异柠檬酸-γ-内酯的浓度的增加总体上呈下降趋势，但在不同铝胁迫时期影响作用不同；在pH值、活性Al浓度以及DL-异柠檬酸-γ-内酯浓度一定时，培养液总氨基酸浓度随营养液浓度的增大而略微下降。     

回头岸礁区4 种造礁珊瑚中可培养细菌的多样性

采用稀释涂布平板法,分离三亚鹿回头岸礁区4种造礁珊瑚及其周围海水中的细菌,并基于16S r RNA基因序列进行了系统发育分析,从而探讨造礁珊瑚中可培养细菌的物种多样性。从澄黄滨珊瑚(Porites lutea)、鹿角珊瑚(Acropora sp.)、盔形珊瑚(Galaxea sp.)、扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra sp.)样品中分别分离获得细菌60、61、54、20株,从珊瑚周边海水中分离获得细菌31株。16S r RNA基因序列分析表明,珊瑚来源的细菌分布于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。在属级水平上对4种珊瑚及海水来源细菌群落组成分析,发现在4种珊瑚中均有分布的属有3个,为Brachybacterium、Microbacterium和Ruegeria,珊瑚来源细菌类群有一定差异。同时发现4种珊瑚来源细菌与海水来源细菌类群差异较大。在分离的菌株中,有7株菌与已有效描述的细菌物种典型菌株的全长16S r RNA基因相似性低于97%,代表着潜在新属或新种。试验结果表明,三亚鹿回头岸礁区珊瑚中存在较为丰富的细菌多样性,并潜藏较多的新物种资源。     

安格斯肉牛与牦牛杂交及其效果研究

［目的］为了进一步优化牦牛肉品质,有效缩短牦牛养殖周期,提高其受胎率和犊牛成活率。［方法］本研究进行了安格斯肉牛与牦牛杂交试验,,利用安格斯肉牛冷冻精液,对251头经产母牦牛进行了人工授精。［结果］人工授精后,分别于2013年产犊42头,成活率66.67%;2014年产犊51头,成活率95.7%;2015年产犊67头,成活率91.04%。［结论］牦牛膘情较好时期,受胎率可达83.33%,接近于奶牛人工授精的受胎率,达到了青海省牦牛人工授精的较高水平。     

冻融循环对典型地带土壤速效氮磷及酶活性的影响

为了探寻冻融循环次数和冻结温度对典型地带性土壤（黑土、潮土、黄土）养分形态和酶活性的作用机制,应用室内冰柜模拟不同冻结温度（-20℃强冻和-10℃弱冻）,以及不同的冻融循环次数（1次和2次）。结果表明,经过冻融循环3种土壤NO3--N含量增加,增加量趋势为黄土＞潮土＞黑土,与冻结前相比黄土和潮土NO3--N含量分别达到5%显著水平;冻融循环3种土壤NH4+-N含量减少,减少量趋势为黑土＞黄土、潮土;黑土速效磷含量显著增加（P<0.05）;冻融循环增强了过氧化氢酶活性,却降低了脲酶活性;冻结温度对耕作土壤速效养分和酶活性影响不显著。建议耕作潮土和黄土应考虑冻融循环后养分总量,从而适当调整氮肥投入。     

秦岭地区藤本植物资源多样性研究

【目的】更好地开发利用野生藤本植物资源,丰富城市绿化美化的植物类群。【方法】采用样地与样线相结合的调查方法,对秦岭地区藤本植物的种类组成、地理分布区类型、攀援方式等进行了研究。【结果】(1)秦岭地区藤本植物种类丰富,共计36科98属285种,分别占本区种子植物科、属、种的18.18%,9.73%和8.27%,其中木质藤本164种,草质藤本121种;单子叶植物17种,双子叶植物268种。(2)秦岭地区藤本植物属有13个分布区类型,而热带性地理成分居首位,占53.84%。(3)秦岭地区藤本植物攀援方式有4大类,以缠绕类为最多,占50.53%;其次为卷须类和钩刺类,分别占31.23%和13.33%,吸附类藤本种类最少,只有4.91%。【结论】秦岭地区藤本植物资源丰富,开发利用潜力巨大,加强对野生藤本植物的引种驯化,可以丰富城市园林植物的多样性。     

土壤N2O吸收和消耗机制及研究进展

N2O排放对全球的气候变化和氮素循环有着重要影响。土壤是N2O最重要的排放源,近年发现土壤在排放N2O的同时存在明显的负排放现象即N2O吸收和消耗现象。通过回顾N2O负排放现象的提出,分析土壤N2O负排放的物理途径、化学途径和生物学途径,认为生物途径是N2O负排放的主导途径,重点讨论了硝化反硝化微生物反应机理和影响反应过程的环境条件,论述了调控生物活性的土壤氧气/水分含量、土壤碳/氮含量、土壤pH值等因子。但由于消耗N2O的生物群落的产生较为复杂,提出了土壤N2O负排放的重点研究方向和方法,为控制土壤温室气体的排放和揭示碳氮循环机制研究提供理论依据。     

Passive protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection from maternally derived antibodies of hens vaccinated with a ghost vaccine

This study evaluated maternal immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis acquired through the egg yolk. Two-hundred 19-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) broiler breeders which were randomly divided into two groups of equal size were injected with S. Enteritidis ghosts (5 × 10⁹ colony forming units in 0.1 ml per hen) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 0.01 mol⋅l⁻¹, pH 7.4) twice, respectively, with an interval of 2 weeks. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect specific antibodies against S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis-specific antibody levels in the vaccinated group increased over time and were significantly higher than those of the control group on days 28 (P < 0.001) and 35 (P < 0.001) post-vaccination. Ten 7-day-old chicks from hens that were vaccinated with a S. Enteritidis ghost vaccine were challenged at 14 days of age with 5 × 10⁹ CFU of S. Enteritidis DH091 (homologous to the vaccine strain), 8/10 (80%) chicks from vaccinated hens survived, whereas 3/10 (30%) chicks from unvaccinated hens survived. The chicks acquired high levels of serum antibodies against S. Enteritidis. These results reveal that maternal antibodies in chicks acquired from vaccinated hens through eggs can confer a significant protection against S. Enteritidis infection.     

低比速多级潜水泵优化设计

按无过载设计要求,为大幅度提高效率,以QS10低比速潜水泵的优化为例,选择叶轮出口宽度、叶片进口冲角、叶轮叶片数、导叶进口安放角等10个参数为变化因素,按L27(310)正交试验方案设计了27组模型;研究了适合多级泵性能预测的方法;通过分析计算流体力学两级全流场数值模拟的结果,得到各几何参数对轴功率、效率指标影响的主次顺序:导叶叶片进口安放角β3对效率的影响最大,叶片出口安放角β2对轴功率的影响起主要作用;将正交分析所得到的最优方案制成样机进行性能测试,该优化模型泵额定点效率为58.61%(大于国家规定的效率值51%),最大轴功率值为3.83 kW(符合设计要求的4 kW),验证了正交设计结合数值模拟手段在泵优化设计方面的可行性。