温度敏感型雄性不育水稻的鉴定

在人工控制条件下应用两因子完全随机区组设计研究了籼型5460不育系对温度与光照的反应。结果表明参试的5个对照品种(系)的育性在所有处理中都表现正常,而5460不育系在日最高/最低温度为27/22℃、平均为23.5℃时,不论光照时间为12.0h、13.5h 还是15.0h/日,其花粉育性与套袋自交结实率都基本正常,在33/28℃,平均为29.5℃时,不论光照如何,大部分植株表现为完全不育或高度不育。套袋自交结实率的方差分析表明,光照长度引起育性变化的差异不显著,不同温度间的差异极显著,光温互作效应也达到显著水平。试验表明5460不育系是“温度敏感型”的雄性不育系。这一结论与1987年福州地区的气象资料和5460不育系在当时当地的实际育性变化相符合。讨论了温度敏感型雄性不育水稻对理论研究和育种实践的价值。     

Estimation of genetic parameters for growth traits of Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis> using an animal model

To estimate genetic parameters of growth traits in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, full-sib and half-sib families were produced in three consecutive years at the Beidaihe Central Experiment Station in China. Each year 8–28 families were produced. The body weight, body length and body depth at 180, 240, and 360 days of age were measured for 5,224 individuals. Four animal models were used to examine the phenotypic variation of growth traits and were compared using the likelihood ratio test. The results showed that estimates for additive genetic effect heritabilities varied greatly depending on the model, trait and age. The maternal effect had a significant impact on phenotypic variation only for body depth at 180 days of age, which explained 49% of the phenotypic variance. The ratio of full-sib effect to phenotypic variation ranged from 0.09 to 0.22. Growth traits all exhibited low heritability (0.13–0.39), indicating that there is the potential for family selection breeding for these traits in Japanese flounder. Using the full model with the fixed, full-sib family, additive and maternal genetic effects, genetic correlations among the three traits for fish of the same age were estimated to be more than 0.80. Generally, the genetic correlations gradually increased as age increased.     

不同有机肥处理对紫色土油茶林土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

微生物群落碳代谢功能多样性对土壤管理具有重要指示作用,以福建省宁化县紫色土水土侵蚀区油茶人工林不同坡位土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog技术对天然有机物料有机肥(T1)、有机无机复合肥(T2)、禽畜粪便有机(T3)共3种有机肥处理以及不施肥处理(CK)下的土壤微生物碳源利用能力进行了研究。研究结果显示:T1、T2、T3处理下不同坡位土壤的吸光值平均颜色变化率(AWCD)相比于施肥前都有所增加,而CK处理土壤AWCD值无显著变化,不同处理下土壤AWCD值提高的大小顺序表现为T2T1T3CK;Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数以及McIntosh优势度指数大小顺序均表现为T2T1T3CK;相同处理下不同坡位土壤AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数以及McIntosh均匀度指数大小顺序总体呈现下坡中坡上坡;Shannon指数与土壤容重和自然含水率呈极显著或显著负相关,与pH值、全碳和全氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关;McIntosh指数与土壤容重、自然含水率、pH值、全碳和全氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关;氨基酸类是各处理后土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型,主成分分析表明T1、T2、T3处理下土壤微生物对6类碳源利用能力相比于对照具有较大差异,T1和T3处理对于6类碳源的利用具有相似性,T2处理与T3处理之间对于6类碳源利用差异主要在于碳水化合物类碳源。综上,有机无机复合肥的施入更有利于紫色土丘陵区油茶人工林土壤微生物碳源利用能力的提高,以上结论可为制定紫色土丘陵区合理施肥制度的设置、农业优化管理措施提供依据。     

Zirconium-Modified Activated Sludge as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal in Aqueous Solution

A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g^?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO₄^2? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO₃^? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO₃^?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater.     

仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机的设计与试验

针对目前国内山核桃破壳机实用机型少,破壳率较低,果仁损伤率较高等情况,提出了一种仿生敲击(即模仿人工加工山核桃的方式)破壳方式,研制一款仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机。根据山核桃的物料特性以及破壳时所需的各项力学特性参数,建立了破壳机构设计的数学模型。确定了敲击臂的结构尺寸,优化了凸轮结构,并最终得到了凸轮的实际轮廓曲线。该文阐述了破壳机的总体结构与性能,建立了整机的三维实体模型,并根据建模制造了样机。该样机通过现场试验,结果表明:山核桃的含水率为14.55%~16.35%,大小为直径18~22 mm(沿缝合线方向)时,破壳率为99.41%,果仁损伤率为6.25%,生产率为94.93 kg/h,满足生产要求。该研究丰富与完善了坚果类果实的破壳机理与方法,为含隔坚果类的破壳机具设计与开发提供系统的理论依据和应用基础。     

基于运行工况的低水头水轮发电机不圆度分析

由于结构的特殊性,农村电网中低水头、小容量发电机在运行中圆度变化较大,影响着发电机的稳定性。为了改善该类型发电机运行品质,提高低水头水轮发电机可靠性,该文针对发电机运行参数进行数据分析、并进行理论解析方程及ANSYS仿真分析计算,对造成发电机不圆度机理进行研究,发现作用在低水头水轮发电机特殊结构上的不平衡重力及交变离心力导致发电机偏心,从而造成发电机不圆度增大。同时偏心引起的不平衡磁拉力对机组稳定性影响较大,反过来不平衡磁拉力又使发电机不圆度增大。依据该文研究结论提出了低水头、小容量发电机安全运行措施,经过实际运行考验,证实运行效果比较理想。该研究可为农村小水电发电机安全运行提供一种解决方法。     

黄瓜早期若干数量性状遗传研究

利用4个黄瓜亲本，按4×4双列杂交法配制16个组合，测定早期产量、单瓜重、瓜条长度、瓜条直径、瓜把长度、果皮颜色6个数量性状。试验根据Hayman双列杂交法进行遗传分析。结果表明：单瓜重、瓜条长度、瓜条直径、瓜把长度、果皮颜色性状符合“加性-显性”效应模型，以加性效应为主，早期产量性状还受到上位性效应的作用，但以显性效应为主，存在超显性。除早期产量和瓜条直径外，其余各性状的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都很高，表明受环境影响较小，可在早代进行选择；早期产量和瓜条直径的狭义遗传力较小，以非加性效应为主。     

利用重组自交系(RILs)群体进行质量数量性状的遗传分析遗传模型和小麦产量性状遗传

本文提出了利用RILs群体进行质量数量性状分析的4个遗传模型及统计分析方法.其中,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分别表示性状受1对主基因、2对独立的主基因、2对AABB×aabb型连锁的主基因、2对AAbb×aaBB型连锁的主基因与微效基因共同控制.可估算出主基因的加性效应(dma,dmb)、互作效应(im)、遗传方差(σ2m)和连锁图距(R),以及微效基因     

融合多源图像信息的果实识别方法

光线变化与目标重叠是影响自然环境中果实正确识别的重要原因。为了降低两者的影响,研究了融合多源图像信息的果实识别方法。在图像配准的基础上,优选了H分量图与幅度图像作为待融合的源图像;由模糊推理系统(隶属度函数和模糊规则)决定权重,采用加权平均策略实现图像的像素级融合;根据融合图像中果实区域的分布规律,设计了一种基于直方图的首阈检测法以获得最佳的果实分割效果;利用深度图像的统计特性,设计了一种逐层分割图像的方法以解决重叠果实的分离问题。实验结果表明:多源融合图像用于果实识别与定位比单一图像具有更好的准确性与鲁棒性,对重叠果实的正确识别率在83.67%~94.22%之间。     

空化条件下离心泵泵腔内不稳定流动数值分析

为研究不同空化发展阶段离心泵泵腔内的流动情况及其对叶轮的影响,提出了一种泵腔区域的拓扑块生成和结构化网格划分方法。在充分考虑近壁区网格质量的基础上,采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型对设计工况下某离心泵进行了全流场空化数值模拟,并计算了3种有效汽蚀余量下泵腔内的非定常流动情况及其对叶轮的作用力。结果表明:空化造成泵腔内压力脉动的幅值增大,由于前口环的存在,其前泵腔内的压力脉动幅值大于后泵腔;空化的加剧造成泵腔内宽频脉动的增加,以轴频最为明显;空化的加剧不仅影响泵腔内的流态,同时也增大了设计工况下作用于叶轮上的径向力和轴向力。