Monitoring of bovine health problems of small dairy herds in islamabad capital territory: Design,data and disease frequencies

Summary A pilot health monitoring system was started in 1990 to develop statistically valid data for use in estimating the disease frequencies in dairy cattle and buffaloes. This paper presents the design of the monitoring programme and frequencies of selected diseases. Eighty herds were selected with typical livestock management practices of the farmers in the area. Veterinary assistants visited the farms once a month for 12 months to collect livestock inventory, production, disease and preventive treatment data. The incidence density method was used as a measure of disease frequency.In adults, breeding problems, mastitis and gastro-intestinal problems were the highest reported conditions. Respiratory problems were the commonest in young stock. The calves of both species frequently had gastro-intestinal and respiratory disease conditions. Most of the calf crop of both species were lost within the first 3 months of life.

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Monitoreo De Problemas De Salud Bovina En Hatos Lecheros Pequenos En El Territorio Capital De Islamabad

Resumen Se inició un sistema de monitoreo piloto en 1990, con el propósito de desarrollar datos estadísticos válidos para estimar la frecuencia de enfermedades en ganado lechero y en búfalos. Este artículo presenta el diseño del programa de monitoreo y la frecuencia de las enfermedades seleccionadas. Se seleccionaron ochenta hatos con el manejo típico de los ganaderos del área. Los veterinarios visitaron las fincas una vez al mes durante 12 meses para colectar información. El método de densidad en la incidencia fue usado para medir la frecuencia de enfermedades.En adultos, las condiciones más frecuentemente encontradas fueron problemas de fertilidad, mastitis y problemas gastrointestinales. Las afecciones respiratorias fueron el común denominador en jóvenes. Los terneros de ambas especies se encontraron frecuentemente con problemas gastrointestinales y respiratorios, conjuntamente, siendo la mortalidad extremadamente alta en los 3 primeros meses de vida para ambas especies.

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Gestion Des Problemes De Sante Bovine De Petits Troupeaux Laitiers Sur Le Territoire De Islamabad: Schema, Donnees Et Frequences De La Maladie

Résumé Un système pilote de gestion de la santé a débuté en 1990 pour développer des données statistiquement valables pour être utilisées dans l'estimation de la fréquence des maladies de bovins laitiers et de buffles. Cet article présente le schéma du programme de gestion et les fréquences des maladies sélectionnées. Quatre vingt troupeaux ont été choisis; leur élevage était conduit selon la méthode propre aux fermiers de la région. Des assistants vétérinaires ont visité les fermes une fois par mois durant 12 mois pour relever les données sur l'inventaire du bétail, la production, les maladies et les traitements préventifs. L'importance de l'incidence a été utilisée comme méthode pour mesurer la fréquence des maladies. Chez les adultes, les problèmes prédominants dans les conditions indiquées concernaient la reproduction, les mammites et des troubles gastrointestinaux. Les problèmes respiratoires étaient les plus communs chez le jeune bétail. Les veaux des deux espèces présentaient fréquemment des troubles respiratoires et gastrointestinaux. La majorité de la production de veaux des deux espèces étaient perdue dans les trois premiers mois de vie.

     

Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

The present paper reports the prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the occurrence of different species of Eimeria in the area and to assess their correlation with the environmental conditions including temperature, humidity and rainfall. The study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2010. Examination of chicken guts revealed 43.89% (n = 3,283/7,480) prevalence of coccidiosis. The highest prevalence (27.04%) was recorded of Eimeria tenella followed by Eimeria maxima (22.42%), Eimeria acervulina (19.89%) and Eimeria necatrix (4.02%). The prevalence of disease was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in autumn (60.02 ± 4.38) followed by summer (47.42 ± 2.92), spring (36.92 ± 2.27) and winter (29.89 ± 3.43). Likewise, prevalence of different species of Eimeria also varied (P < 0.05) in different seasons of the year except that of E. necatrix. A strong correlation (P < 0.05) of environmental conditions with the overall and species-wise prevalence of coccidiosis was recorded except E. necatrix.     

Physiological responses of dietary tryptophan fed Labeo rohita to temperature and salinity stress

Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the possible effects of dietary L‐tryptophan (TRP) in Labeo rohita based on growth performance and physio‐biochemical responses. In the experiment I, a 60‐day feeding trial was carried out to elucidate the effects of dietary TRP enrichment on growth performance and physio‐biochemical responses. In the experiment II, the TRP pre‐fed L. rohita, from experiment I, was exposed to temperature and salinity stress to evaluate stress‐mitigating efficacy of TRP. In L. rohita, dietary supplementation of TRP showed significant effect on weight gain percentage and feed conversion ratio but not on blood glucose. A significant increase in RNA content and RNA/DNA ratio upon TRP supplementation was observed and was positively correlated with growth performance. The results of experiment II indicated that weight gain percentage, serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly reduced in groups that were exposed to temperature and salinity stress and fed diets without TRP supplementation. However, dietary supplementation of TRP significantly augmented weight gain percentage in stress‐exposed groups. Tryptophan supplementation helped in bringing back T3 and T4 levels comparable with control. A significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, Adenosine triphosphatase, blood glucose and serum cortisol was observed in temperature‐ and salinity‐exposed groups fed without TRP‐supplemented diets. However, TRP supplementation was found to be effective in restoring the above parameters. The results of these experiments suggest that dietary TRP supplementation augments growth, lowers energy demand and helps in mitigating thermal and salinity stress in L. rohita.     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

Effect of neem cake on persistence of diazinon and endosulfan in paddy soil

Experiments were carried out to study the influence of two types of neem cake (solvent-extracted, NC-I and expeller-extracted, NC-II) on the persistence in soil of diazinon and endosulfan applied as commercial formulations. It was found that both types of neem cake applied at 10, 20 or 30 g ha^-1 prolonged the period of degradation as compared with soils without neem cake amendment, and hence increased the persistence of the insecticides. There was little difference in the effect of the two types of neem cake. Treatment of the soil with insecticide 10 days after amendment with neem cake did not lead to any increase in persistence; for a good response, treatment of soil with insecticide and with neem cake must be done at the same time. © 1998 SCI.     

Determination of the role of salicylic acid and Benzothiadiazole on physico-chemical alterations caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumber mosaic virus</Emphasis> in tomato

Shoe-string disease caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the major threats to tomato production worldwide. The alteration in some biochemical parameters in leaves of the susceptible tomato genotype (Nagina) associated with CMV infection and the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) were studied in this paper. Results showed that exogenous treatment with SA and BTH not only led to plants which gave significantly more yield than diseased controls (DC), but also delayed symptom expression and reduced disease severity. Analysis of biochemical parameters indicated that exogenous application of elicitors and viral infection, significantly affected the activity of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Compared to the DC plants, minimum disease severity and maximum number of fruit were recorded after a single dose of SA + BTH. Maximum plant height was recorded after weekly application of SA and maximum fruit yield per plant was gained with single dose of SA. Moreover, the activity of POD was significantly elicited many-fold after weekly application of SA + BTH, while higher amount of SOD was recorded with single dose of SA. The activity of CAT was also significantly accelerated after weekly application of SA + BTH while increased level of APX was noticed with single dose of BTH. In conclusion, the combined application of SA and BTH played an important role in induction of defense mechanism against CMV infection and can be useful in tomato disease management programs.     

New report of Cycas revoluta leaf necrosis by Phoma herbarum from Pakistan

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Necrosis on Cycas revoluta leaves was observed on trees growing in a local garden in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Phoma herbarum was isolated and identified...     

Genetic Variation in Cadmium Accumulation and Tolerance among Wheat Cultivars at the Seedling Stage

Exploitation of genetic differences to select wheat cultivars’ pollution-safe from cadmium (Cd) contamination requires better understanding of Cd uptake and translocation patterns. For this purpose, 15 wheat cultivars were grown in nutrient solution and exposed to four levels of Cd, i.e., 0, 15, 30, and 45 µM. The plants were harvested after 2 weeks of Cd exposure. Root and shoot relative dry matter (DM) was decreased in most of the cultivars, but some cultivars did not exhibit any toxic symptoms. The lowest Cd concentration in shoots was recorded for Lasani-2008 and Iqbal-2000 while the highest for Sehar-2006 and Inqlab-91. Both root absorption and translocation accounted for regulating Cd concentration in shoots. There was no relationship between relative DM and Cd concentrations in roots and shoots. The results suggest that wheat cultivars with low shoot Cd concentration but higher tolerance, i.e. Lasani-2008 and Iqbal-2000, could be used in breading programs for low Cd wheat.     

Use of diatomaceous earth for the management of stored-product pests

Diatomaceous earth (DE) is almost pure amorphous silicon dioxide, made up of fossilised diatoms; it acts as an insecticide by absorption of epicuticular lipids and fatty acids, leading to desiccation in arthropods. Numerous DE formulations have been attempted for the management of stored-product pests with good results. DE is persistent in its action, poses few or no pest resistance problems, and it leaves no residue. The efficacy of DE is affected by factors such as: its provenance, temperature, humidity and characteristics of target pests and substrate. Application of DE at currently recommended doses causes changes in bulk density of the grain; however, the use of enhanced DE formulations provides control at much lower doses. Therefore, new formulations of DEs usually include other low toxicity insecticides.