音乐及饲养密度对肉杂鸡生产及屠宰性能影响初探

该文就音乐及饲养密度对笼养肉杂鸡的生产性能及屠宰性能进行了初步探讨。试验表明音乐可显著降低死淘率,提高料肉比。音乐显著提高肉杂鸡的全净膛率、腹脂率、肝脏比率(P＜0．05)。高密度情况下,音乐显著降低胸肌率和腿肌率(P＜0．05)。饲养密度仅在有音乐的情况下对胸肌率具有显著性的影响,高密度的胸肌率低于中低密度的胸肌率。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

Application of quantum dot-antibody conjugates for detection of sulfamethazine residue in chicken muscle tissue

A new indirect competitive fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (cFLISA) method for the detection of sulfamethazine (SM2) in chicken muscle tissue was demonstrated using quantum dots (QDs) as the fluorescence label coupled with secondary antibody. The sensitivity of the cFLISA was compared with that of the HPLC method. The 50% inhibition value (IC50) and the limit of detection (LOD) of the cFLISA were 7.7 and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. When SM2 was spiked at levels of 50, 100, and 200 ng/g, recoveries ranged from 80.6% to 117.4%, with a coefficient of variation of 6.9-9.6%. In the incurred sample analysis, the amounts of SM2 quantified by cFLISA were similar to the results obtained by the HPLC method. This study shows that cFLISA could be used as a screening method in practice.     

农田休闲期垄作地形对近地表风场的影响

垄作是旱作农田常用的保护性耕作技术,而其防风抗蚀的机制尚需研究。通过野外试验,对垄脊高25cm,垄沟宽1.5m的垄作田上风向、垄间及下风向地带0～4m的风流场进行了同步观测,对不同观测位置的时均风速、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻速度和风速脉动进行了对比分析。结果表明,土垄间和下风向近地表0～1m内时均风速比上风向平坦地表明显降低,其中高0.3m处降低幅度最大。水平方向上风速降低幅度、空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻速度均随观测点与垄作地表距离的增大而减小。受风速递增的影响,风速的绝对脉动强度随高度呈对数关系递增。风速的相对脉动强度在0～1m内随高度增大而降低,1m以上基本无变化。高0.05m处风速的相对脉动强度在水平方向上随与垄作田距离的减小而增大,其中垄间最大,时均风速相同时对地面剪切力最大。     

不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征

试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。     

论北京市耕地后备资源的开发可行性

在对北京市后备资源开发可行性标准进行探讨的基础上,分析了北京市后备资源的开发可行性。研究结果表明北京市后备资源开发面临着的资源质量、生态环境和经济可行性的三重制约。通过土地开发来实现北京市占补平衡不是明智之举。需要改变占补平衡“重开发、轻整理”的现状,使耕地保护的重心从以土地开发为主向以改造中低产田和高标准粮田建设为主要内容的土地整理转变。     

FAO可持续土地资源管理综合规划指南及启示

土地资源可持续利用是基于可持续发展的核心内容——资源的可持续利用而形成的，指对人类生存所依赖的物质资源，在追求经济效益最大的同时，维持和改善土地资源的生产条件和环境基础。在当前社会主义市场经济体制下,可持续土地资源管理的任务主要依靠政府严格的土地利用规划事先调节和控制，引导、限制或鼓励人们的土地利用行为，保证土地资源的合理配置和可持续利用。该文试图在分析FAO的土地规划的概念、内容、体系、成功的关键因素、及编制的步骤和方法基础上，展开探讨并对完善我国土地利用规划提出了借鉴意义。     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

黄土区不同下垫面农田降雨入渗及产流关系的数值模拟

在野外试验的基础上，建立了二维农田降雨入渗及产流关系的数学模型，并用中国科学院长武县王东沟农业生态站不同下垫面径流小区实测土壤含水率及产流资料对该模型进行验证。结果显示：该模型对降雨过程中土壤入渗、产流以及雨后蒸发条件下土壤水分的模拟都有很高的精度，可以用于黄土区降雨入渗及产流关系的模拟。     

硅灰石纤维填充超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料干滑动摩擦磨损的BP神经网络分析

超高分子量聚乙烯及其复合材料由于其优良的自润滑和防黏性能可用于农业工程装备中的滑动接触部件和触土部件。基于人工神经网络在复杂系统建模问题上的优越性,考察了几种因素对硅灰石纤维增强复合材料的摩擦和磨损性能影响的模型。考虑到输入、输出数据个数,调试设计了一个3×10×2的BP神经网络,其输入层由3个神经元构成,分别为硅灰石纤维的处理方法、硅灰石纤维的加入量和试验过程中的法向载荷。隐含层有10个神经元。输出层2个神经元分别为材料的摩擦系数和磨损量。基于上述BP神经网络对硅灰石纤维增强超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料的干滑动摩擦磨损性能进行了模拟和预测。对神经网络的训练和检验表明该BP神经网络能够较好地预测影响因素对复合材料的干滑动摩擦和磨损的作用,大部分数据的预测值与试验值的误差在10%以内,其仿真精度能够满足实际的摩擦磨损预测要求。