山地农业与水土保持相关产业的地位和配置

对全新世古水土流失与古人类活动相互影响的研究方法进行了讨论和实践。借鉴第四纪环境学的研究手段，利用古人类活动区域周围的河流、湖泊沉积物及坡脚堆积物，可以获得古水土流失的信息：在一定条件下，沉积物中孢粉数量的减少或草本植被的相对增加、磁化率的增大、迁移能力较弱的元素及化合物在沉积物中的富集，或沉积物分选差、粒度增大等，都可能指示着古水土流失的发生。通过对辽西大凌河剖面的孢粉分析，指出红山文化遗址堆积较薄且分布稀疏,可能与古水土流失加剧有关。     

针型电容法测量谷物含水率的研究

采用针型电容传感器和测量电路,并采取减小介质损耗的有效措施,研制了测量谷物含水率的针型电容法。实验结果表明,在谷物含水率与输出电压间具有良好的线性关系。该方法具有较高灵敏度、稳定性和良好的动态特性,完全可以满足谷物含水率的测量要求,为谷物含水率的准确、快速和在线测量提供了一种有效的方法。     

Responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial community compositions to nitrogen addition in bulk and microaggregate soil in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia

In order to explore the responses of soil enzyme activities and microbial community compositions to long-term nitrogen (N) addition in both bulk soil and microaggregate of chestnut soil, we conducted a 7-year urea addition experiment with N treatments at 6 levels (0, 56, 112, 224, 392 and 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) in a temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia in China. Soil properties and the activities of four enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling were measured in both bulk soil and microaggregate, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured in bulk soil. The results indicated that: 1) in bulk soil, N addition significantly decreased β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities at the treatment amounts of 224, 392 and 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, and obviously suppressed β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activity at the treatment amount of 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. N addition enhanced total PLFAs (totPLFAs) and bacterial PLFAs (bacPLFAs) at the treatment amounts of 392 and 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively, but fungal PLFAs showed no response to N addition. The activities of BG, NAG and LAP were positively correlated with soil pH, but negatively correlated with the concentration of NH ₄⁺-N; 2) in microaggregate (53–250 μm), the activities of BG, NAG and AP showed no response to increased addition of N, but the significantly decreased LAP activity was observed at the treatment amount of 392 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. These results suggested that enzyme activities were more sensitive to N addition than PLFA biomarkers in soil, and LAP activity in microaggregate may be a good indicator for evaluating N cycle response to long-term N addition.     

Development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria italica</Emphasis>)

The development of EST-SSR in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) for polymorphism and transferability study was reported here. From 1213 EST sequences, 30 SSRs were obtained and primers were designed for 26 SSRs. Among them, four pairs of SSR primers amplified polymorphic products in 12 foxtail millet cultivars and one accession of Setaria viridis, a wild relative of foxtail millet, with 10 alleles detected for the four loci and 2.5 alleles per locus. In addition, ten SSR markers could be transferred to other nine Gramineae species. The putative functions of 11 ESTs containing polymorphic and transferable SSRs were also identified.     

白河县发展石坎桑生态经济效益显著

白河县是全国重点贫困县之一。该县坚持20年修田造地不间断,累计修石坎水平梯地17.68万亩,农业人均0.93亩,群众温饱问题已基本解决。笔者在调查研究的基础上,根据白河县的自然条件及社经现状,明确指出:该县大力发展以坎边栽桑为主的“石坎经济”是脱贫致富奔小康的重要途径。     

Purification and characterization of an isoflavone-conjugates-hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from endophytic bacterium

An isoflavone conjugates hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase (ICHG) from endophytic bacterium, Pseudomonas ZD-8 was purified to homogeneity by successive ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on SephadexG-100, DEAE-sephrose CL-6B and DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. The enzyme was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of 33 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. It was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 40 degrees C and had a specific activity of 1485 U mg of protein(-1) against genistin. The ICHG readily hydrolyzed rho-nitrophenyl-beta-glucoside, rho-nitrophenyl-beta-galactoside, genistin, daidzin, with Km values of 1.64, 1.87, 0.012, 0.014 mM, respectively. The ICHG showed a pronounced specificity for glucose in the 7-position of isoflavone and flavone conjugates and hydrolyzed effectively malonyl isoflavone glucosides as well as isoflavone glucosides with similar kinetics. Glucose and glucono-delta-lactone inhibited the enzyme competitively with Ki values of 84 mM and 23 mM, respectively. The enzyme did not require divalent cations for activity, and its activity was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Ag+, rho-chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetic acid, and N-ethylmaleimide while reducing agents such as beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol, glutathione slightly activated the enzyme.     

添加γ-聚谷氨酸减少土壤水分深层渗漏提高持水能力

γ-聚谷氨酸(Poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA)是一种高分子聚合物,具有超强的吸水能力和生物降解性。为探明γ-PGA在土壤改良方面的应用及对土壤水分运动的影响,该文基于室内垂直一维入渗土柱试验,研究了不同γ-PGA施量配比(0、0.5%、1%、2%、4%)对土壤水分入渗及持水特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加4%的γ-PGA的累积入渗量、入渗率和湿润锋分别减少了57.95%、53.89%、59.58%;四种入渗模型参数的模拟结果显示,与对照组相比,随着γ-PGA施量的增加,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数从0.808减小到0.538,经验指数从0.530增大到0.623;Philip入渗公式中的吸渗率从0.704减小到0.292;Green-Ampt公式中,饱和导水率从0.0043减小到0.0011 cm/min,湿润区有效的土壤水扩散率从1.19减小到0.16 cm~2/min,湿润锋处的土壤水吸力无明显变化;垂直一维入渗代数模型中,饱和导水率从0.0044减小到0.001 cm/min,非饱和土壤吸力分配系数和土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率综合形状系数均无明显变化趋势。土壤的持水特性结果表明:随着γ-PGA施量的增加,土壤饱和含水率增加,且与对照相比,表层土壤(0~10 cm土层)的含水率呈显著增加趋势,深层土壤(≥10~40 cm土层)的含水率则呈减小趋势。同时,湿润土层的厚度逐渐减小,说明γ-PGA不仅可增强土壤的持水能力,而且还可改变土壤剖面水分的分布形态,使更多水分蓄积在作物根区土层区域。该研究为γ-PGA的田间土壤改良及应用提供了理论支撑。     

杉木多世代育种在黔东南东风林场的实践

介绍了黎平县国营东风林场作为国家级林木良种繁育中心基地之一,在杉木遗传改良领域取得的成果众多,先后营建了杉木初级种子园、第一代改良种子园和二代种子园,目前正在向更高世代种子园迈进。     

关于种子产业产品价格的三个误区

关于种子产业产品的价格和价值等因素的关系,笔者在以前的文章中做过比较详细的论述,这里不再做重复。根据笔者的观察,在中国种子产业里,对于产品的价格,普遍存在着比较大的误区,本人想就此做一下分析和阐述。     

玉米自交系幼胚愈伤组织诱导的条件优化

本研究以铁7922、H99、丹598和丹988四个玉米自交系的幼胚为材料,对影响愈伤组织诱导和继代的几个重要因素进行研究。结果表明,2mg/L的2,4-D有利于胚性愈伤组织的形成,基因型、培养基、胚龄和4℃冷存时间对其也有明显影响。此外,添加KT、Ca2+和AgNO3,H99和丹988的胚性愈伤率明显提高,而铁7922的胚性愈伤率则有所下降。此外,Ca2+的添加对丹598的胚性愈伤率没有明显影响。