烟碱对大鼠心电图的影响

烟碱对心率的作用具有阶段性,初期引起心率短暂性减弱,紧接着发生瞬时增加。为进一步确定烟碱对大鼠心脏的作用,对描记烟碱作用后大鼠心电图进行分析,发现烟碱能引起大鼠心电图显示较长的QT间期,增加了PR间期及T波面积,与肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素引起的QT间期延长相似,且能被M受体阻断剂阿托品所阻断,说明烟碱能够诱导局部释放乙酰胆碱或者作用于部分副交感神经控制的毒蕈碱受体。     

Trichostatin A and nuclear reprogramming of cloned rabbit embryos

To investigate the influence of histone deacetylases on nuclear reprogramming after nuclear transfer, we treated the cloned embryos with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA). In the present study, global changes in acetylation of histone H3-lysine 14, histone H4-lysine 12, and histone H4-lysine 5 were studied in rabbit in vivo fertilized embryos, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, and TSA-treated SCNT embryos. From the pronuclear to the morula stage, the deacetylation-reacetylation changes in acetylation of histone H3-lysine 14 and histone H4-lysine 12 occurred in both fertilized embryos and TSA-treated cloned embryos; however, the distribution pattern in untreated cloned embryos failed to display such changes. More interesting, the signal of acetylation of histone H4-lysine 12 in cloned embryos was detected in both the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm, whereas TSA-treated cloned embryos showed the same staining pattern as fertilized embryos and the staining was limited to the inner cell mass. The histone acetylation pattern of TSA-treated SCNT embryos appeared to be more similar to that of normal embryos, indicating that TSA could improve nuclear reprogramming after nuclear transfer.     

家蚕蛾油对蛹虫草液体发酵培养的影响

通过对蛹虫草菌丝体干产量以及胞外高分子聚合物和胞内多糖含量的测量分析,研究了添加家蚕蛾油对蛹虫草(Cordyceps militarisL.)液体发酵培养效果的影响。添加4%雄蚕蛾油或2%雌蚕蛾油,蛹虫草菌丝体的产量分别增加76.1%和45.9%,胞外高分子聚合物含量分别增加64.2%和43.0%,均达到最大值;添加3%雄蚕蛾油或雌蚕蛾油使胞内多糖含量分别增加46.8%和47.1%,菌丝体产量分别增加145%和102%,均达到最大值。结果表明,添加一定量的家蚕蛾油对蛹虫草液体发酵培养具有促进作用,而在作用效果上,家蚕雄蛾油要优于家蚕雌蛾油。     

猪场副猪嗜血杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为查明贵阳市花溪区麦坪镇某猪场仔猪发生呼吸道疾病的病因,对送检的2头病猪采集病料进行细菌分离培养、染色镜检、生化试验、PCR扩增及测序、药敏试验。结果:从病料样本中分离得到1株细菌,根据形态学和生化试验初步鉴定为副猪嗜血杆菌;应用细菌16S rRNA序列分析技术从分子水平对分离细菌进行分型鉴定,运用DNAStar软件与不同血清型副猪嗜血杆菌基因序列进行比对,发现分离菌与不同血清型副猪嗜血杆菌菌株16S rRNA序列同源且相似性为97.4%～100%,其中与血清5型相似性最高;系统进化分析显示,分离菌株与血清5型副猪嗜血杆菌进化关系最近;分离菌株对利福平、头孢氨苄、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、万古霉素敏感。结论:综合分离细菌传统鉴定方法和分子生物学鉴定方法的实验结果,确定分离菌株属于血清5型副猪嗜血杆菌。     

畜禽产品兽药残留超标案件的法律适用

畜禽产品兽药残留是政府关注、社会关切和消费者关心的食品安全问题。执法实践中,执法人员对畜禽养殖、畜禽收购与屠宰、畜禽产品市场销售等环节如何适用法律存在执法困惑。本文结合有关法理分析认为:一是养殖环节销售兽药残留超标的动物或动物产品的,应根据《兽药管理条例》对养殖者进行处罚。二是屠宰环节畜禽产品兽药残留超标的,要以违法行为是否构成为判定要素。对于畜禽产品尚未销售的,相关主体没有法律责任,但应对问题畜禽产品进行无害化处理,防止用于食品消费。对于畜禽产品已销售的,应根据《农产品质量安全法》对相关违法行为人进行处罚。在自营模式和代宰模式中,违法行为人认定和法律责任归属有所不同。三是市场销售环节发现畜禽产品兽药残留超标,应由食品药品监管部门按照《食品安全法》处罚,农业执法部门应防止越权执法。     

Effects of stocking density on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (SD) on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows. Thirty‐two dairy cows were allocated into 16 blocks, basing on parity, previous milk yield, and body weight, and were then randomly assigned into one of the two treatments as follows: 75% (75SD) and 100% (100SD) SD. The cows were fed with same diet throughout the 8‐week experimental period. The milk yield and milk sample were collected on two consecutive days during the 8‐week experimental period weekly. Plasma samples were collected on fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Raw, energy‐corrected, and 4% fat‐corrected milk yield were significantly higher in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals, respectively. The milk somatic cell count was lower in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals. The levels of Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺, bovine serum albumin and plasmin were lower in 75SD‐cows than those of 100SD‐cattle, respectively. The 75SD‐cows had reduced insulin and insulin/glucagon levels but higher prolactin and growth hormone concentrations, compared with those of 100SD‐animals, respectively. In conclusion, compared with low SD‐animals, early lactating cows with higher SD had higher oxidative stress status, which further led to a greater mammary gland permeability.     

猪囊尾蚴头节单链抗体-PE40重组蛋白的表达及抗虫活性分析

将含有抗猪囊尾蚴头节单链抗体基因（ScFv）和绿脓杆菌外毒素基因（PE40）的重组质粒pET28．ScFv-PE40转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,经IPTG诱导,表达产物通过SDS-PAGE和westernblot鉴定,其表达蛋白的相对分子量约为68ku,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的13．8％。将融合蛋白通过金属Ni2^＋亲和层析柱纯化后,目的蛋白纯度在95％以上,可溶性蛋白的回收率约为50％,回收量为5mg／L。本研究所进行的纯化重组蛋白的体外杀伤六钧蚴试验表明,重组蛋白对六钩蚴具有较强的杀灭作用,而且与其剂量呈正相关性。     

Analysis of Rumen Microbial Diversity and Functional Prediction of Chinese Simmental Cattle Based on 16S rRNA High-throughput Sequencing Technology

To systematically explore the microbial diversity and function in the rumen of Chinese Simmental cattle,this experiment used 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology to detect and analyze the rumen fluid samples of Simmental cattle (about 20 months old,the average weight was 550 kg),and its function was predicted by PICRUSt.The results showed that a total of 66 712 high-quality sequences were obtained from the Illumina Miseq sequencing platform,and 1 797 operational classification units (OTU) were obtained by cluster analysis.The taxonomic identification was divided into 13 phylums,20 classes,22 orders,33 families and 59 genuses;Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant bacteria,accounting for 62.46% and 22.45%,respectively;Based on the genus composition,[Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group (9.16%),Ruminococcus_2 (7.90%),norank_f__Bacteroidales_RF16_group(6.23%),norank_f__Ruminococcaceae(4.79%),Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group(4.72%),norank_f_Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group(4.49%),Ruminococcus_1(4.43%),etc.The PICRUSt function of the 16S rRNA genome predicted that the rumen flora function was mainly concentrated in carbohydrate transport and metabolism,and might contain a large amount of cellulose and lignin degrading enzyme genes.In summary,the high-throughput sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA gene fully revealed the diversity of rumen bacteria in Simmental cattle,and predicted that it was rich in protein decomposition and lignocellulose degrading enzymes.The basis of microbial cognition provided a reference for further research on rumen microbial functional genes closely related to some important nutritional and physiological functions.     

Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 supplementation improves the meat quality and antioxidant capacity of muscle of broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) on the meat quality and antioxidant capacity of muscle in broilers. A total of 600 Arbor Acre broiler chickens (1‐day‐old, male) were randomly divided into five treatments with six replicates (20 chickens per replicate) for each treatment. The five treatments were the control treatment (CON, basal diet), antibiotic treatment (ANT, basal diet supplemented with 0.1% chlortetracycline) and E. faecium‐supplemented treatments (LEF, MEF and HEF, basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of E. faecium respectively). The experiment lasted 42 days in two periods of 21 days. Results showed that there were no differences in breast meat quality among different treatments (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON and ANT treatments, the yellowness of thigh meat in E. faecium‐supplemented treatments was significantly increased (p < 0.05); the shear force of thigh meat in the LEF and MEF treatments was lower than that of the CON treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of the inosine monophosphate (IMP) in the breast and thigh meat of the MEF treatment was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (p < 0.05). At 21 days, the total antioxidant capability (T‐AOC) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity of breast meat and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the thigh meat of the MEF treatment were greatly increased (p < 0.05). At 42 days of age, the catalase (CAT), GSH‐Px and T‐AOC activities in the breast meat of the MEF treatment were increased (p < 0.05) and the CAT activity of thigh meat in the LEF and MEF treatments was increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, E. faecium supplementation increased the meat quality of the thigh muscle, increased the IMP content and the activities of CAT, SOD, T‐AOC, and GSH‐Px of muscle in broilers. Supplementation with 100 mg/kg E. faecium had the greatest effects.     

Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on growth performance and antioxidative function of small intestine in broilers

Dietary Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) could enhance immune function in broilers, which was attributed primarily to its saponin components. However, YSE also contains phenolic compounds which possess antioxidant ability. This study tested the effects of YSE on growth performance of broilers, its antioxidative enzyme activities and corresponding gene expressions in the small intestine. A total of 128 15‐day‐old broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: corn‐soya bean meal as the basal control diet or the basal diet containing either 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg of YSE. Each treatment consisted of four replicate pens with eight broilers per pen. The experiment lasted 28 days which was divided into a grower period (day: 15–28) and a finisher period (day: 29–42). On day 28 and day 42 body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) were recorded. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected to analyse superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and gene expressions of SOD, CAT, GPx. The results showed that during the grower period a diet including 100 mg/kg YSE improved CAT capacity in the ileum, tended to increase activities of GPx in the duodenum, and further showed enhancing tendencies in SOD and GPx abilities in ileum. Gene expressions of CAT, SOD and GPx in the ileum tended to upregulate at 100 mg/kg YSE level. In the finisher period and over the whole period, all YSE groups had a reduced FI compared to the control group without compromising BW; 100 and 200 mg/kg YSE significantly improved FCR. In conclusion, the improved growth performance of broilers during the finisher period may be due to enhanced antioxidative ability in the grower period with YSE supplementation. This study provided evidence of using YSE as an additive to enhance growth in broilers.