规范村级财务管理夯实乡村振兴基础

本文将分析村级财务管理规范的重要性,并研究村级财务管理的规范措施,其中主要 包括提升村级会计工作质量、完善监督机制、提升财务审计监督水平、强化村级财务管理制度四 方面。     

围绕审美核心的高校公共音乐教学模式构建

伴随时代发展,我国教育事业有了质的进步,其中,高校公共音乐教育也积累下大量经 验,有了极大程度的提升,在受教学生艺术审美能力锻炼、综合艺术素养培养上所起到的重要作 用有目共睹。然而不能否认的是,我国高校公共音乐教学模式发展时期相对较短,仍旧有较大 发展空间。由此,本文对当前我国高校的公共音乐教学概况进行了分析,并进一步对以审美为 核心的音乐教学模式构建问题进行了探讨,希望能够为当前我国高校公共艺术教育的发展提供 一定借鉴。     

Peanut macronutrient absorptions characteristics in response to soil compaction stress in typical brown soils under various tillage systems

Soil tillage, a major agricultural management, could effectively alter soil structure and plant growth, particularly under groundnut plantations. To understand effects of different tillage measures on nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) absorptions and use efficiencies for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), four tillage treatments: no tillage (NT), deep loosing (DL), deep plow (DP), and shallow plow (SP), were examined for two growing years at three typical peanut-producing sites of Qishan, Wangcheng, and Xiadian in Shandong, China. Results showed that average soil bulk density under DL, DP, and SP at the three sites was decreased by 7.1–19.5% compared with NT treatment for the 2 years. Significantly higher average total N accumulations in underground peanut part patterned as DP (163 kg/ha) > SP (149 kg/ha) > DL (144 kg/ha) > NT (117 kg/ha), while total N in aboveground peanut part was 8.7–22.1% higher under DP than other treatments. Absorptions of N, P, and K in underground parts were extremely significantly contributed to high peanut yields (P < 0.01), whereas increase of N and P absorptions in aboveground parts did not promote peanut yields. Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with plant macronutrient amounts in underground peanut parts and peanut yields (P < 0.01). Moreover, N:P, N:K, and P:K ratios were similar between NT and noncompaction stress treatments of DL, DP, and SP. These results indicate that DP is a rational tillage practice for promoting nutrient uptake amount, efficiency, and peanut yields by alleviating soil compaction stress in peanut-producing fields.     

The contribution of Asian dust in the pedogenesis of ultisols in Southeastern China determined by soil grain size

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The present study was conducted to understand the pedogenesis of soils developed on basalts and reveal the impact of Asian dust on soils in subtropical China. Soils...     

Effects of sheet and rill erosion on soil aggregates and organic carbon losses for a Mollisol hillslope under rainfall simulation

Purpose

Characterizations of soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) losses affected by different water erosion patterns at the hillslope scale are poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify how sheet and rill erosion affect soil aggregates and soil organic carbon losses for a Mollisol hillslope in Northeast China under indoor simulated rainfall.

Materials and methods

The soil used in this study was a Mollisol (USDA Taxonomy), collected from a maize field (0–20 cm depth) in Northeast China. A soil pan with dimensions 8 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.6 m deep was subjected to rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h^?1. The experimental treatments included sheet erosion dominated (SED) and rill erosion dominated (RED) treatments. Runoff with sediment samples was collected during each experimental run, and then the samples were separated into six aggregate fractions (0–0.25, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, 2–5, >?5 mm) to determine the soil aggregate and SOC losses.

Results and discussion

At rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h^?1, soil losses from the RED treatment were 1.4 and 3.5 times higher than those from the SED treatment, and SOC losses were 1.7 and 3.8 times greater than those from the SED treatment, respectively. However, the SOC enrichment ratio in sediment from the SED treatment was 1.15 on average and higher than that from the RED treatment. Furthermore, the loss of <?0.25 mm aggregates occupied 41.1 to 73.1% of the total sediment aggregates for the SED treatment, whereas the loss of >?0.25 mm aggregates occupied 53.2 to 67.3% of the total sediment aggregates for the RED treatment. For the organic carbon loss among the six aggregate fractions, the loss of 0–0.25 mm aggregate organic carbon dominated for both treatments. When rainfall intensity increased from 50 to 100 mm h^?1, aggregate organic carbon loss increased from 1.04 to 5.87 times for six aggregate fractions under the SED treatment, whereas the loss increased from 3.82 to 27.84 times for six aggregate fractions under the RED treatment.

Conclusions

This study highlights the effects of sheet and rill erosion on soil and carbon losses at the hillslope scale, and further study should quantify the effects of erosion patterns on SOC loss at a larger scale to accurately estimate agricultural ecosystem carbon flux.

     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

考虑雷诺数和形状影响的坝岸根石水平水流拖曳力系数修正

对于水利工程坝岸散抛根石冲揭失稳,水流作用下根石的拖曳力是重要的力学分析参数。该文基于黄河坝岸散抛根石的形状参数特征,利用水槽试验量测球体及不同形状块体受水流作用的水平拖曳力,研究雷诺数、物体形状指标与拖曳力相关关系及变化规律,明确影响因素,率定双因素影响下块体的拖曳力系数函数。结果表明,水下球体或近似球状物体的拖曳力系数,基本不受水流及物体形态影响,拖曳力系数趋于0.40～0.56;有棱角块体的水流拖曳力系数,块体雷诺数小于3×104的影响区域,系数函数呈双曲线趋势变化;块体雷诺数大于3×104的影响区域,迎水面宽高比不大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于0.80～0.90,迎水面宽高比大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于1.00～1.10。进一步通过试验修正了水流作用下不同形态物体的水平拖曳力系数,提出了块体雷诺数、形状参数双因素影响下物体水平拖曳力系数函数,得到了以不同物体来流方向投影响面积为基准的水平拖曳计算公式,经拟合公式的合理性分析与验证,拖曳力系数拟合优度达到0.90以上,平均相对误差为8.7%;修正后拖曳力平均相对误差仅为7.5%,公式计算效果良好,更准确地反映散抛根石的水下受力特征,为分析水下抛石受水流冲击离散形态提供理论依据。     

不同有机物投入对新垦耕地红壤肥力及蔬菜生长的影响

[目的]比较不同有机物对新垦山地土壤的培肥效果,为开展新垦耕地后续培肥管护提供科学依据。[方法]在新垦山地红壤地,以3种不同有机物投入为因素,以空白为对照,在一年三熟蔬菜种植模式下,经连续3年小区试验,比较其对新垦耕地红壤肥力及蔬菜生长的影响。[结果]在3种有机物中,商品有机肥无论是在土壤培肥方面还是在蔬菜作物生产方面,均能体现出最佳效果。[结论]商品有机肥可作为新垦红壤地区施用的外源有机物之一予以推荐。而食用菌废渣的效果次之,可作为替代物品,水稻秸秆效果较差。     

风积沙掺量对冻融-碳化耦合作用下混凝土耐久性的影响

针对寒区农业水利工程中混凝土的实际服役环境,利用风积沙等质量替代部分天然河砂制备不同风积沙替代率的混凝土为研究对象进行冻融循环-碳化耦合试验。分析冻融循环-碳化耦合作用下风积沙混凝土的损伤过程,借助核磁共振仪探讨了混凝土的孔隙结构演变与其耐久性之间的联系。试验结果表明,每个试验周期中,经历相同冻融循环次数和碳化时间,但作用顺序不同的情况下,冻融循环-碳化作用对混凝土造成的损伤大于碳化-冻融循环作用;当风积沙替代率由0增加至40%时,混凝土的初始孔隙度降低,同时试验中的质量损失率和相对动弹性模量变化减小;混凝土内部凝胶孔和少害孔占比对其孔隙度和相对动弹性模量具有主导作用,当凝胶孔和少害孔占比之比在5～25之间时相对动弹性模量和孔隙度变化不超过1%,在0～5之间减小时相对动弹性模量和孔隙度变化明显;风积沙的加入改善了混凝土的孔隙分布,风积沙替代率为40%的风积沙混凝土表现出良好的抗冻融、抗碳化能力。该研究可为风积沙混凝土在寒区农业水利工程中的研究与应用提供依据。     

黑土坡面不同粒级泥沙流失特征分析

不同粒级泥沙流失特征研究可揭示坡面侵蚀机理,表征土壤养分流失状况;而现有研究缺少对不同粒级泥沙流失速率及流失比例的过程性研究。为此,该研究基于连续汇流冲刷试验,研究汇流冲刷次数和坡度对黑土坡面不同粒级泥沙流失特征的影响。试验处理包括6次连续汇流冲刷（1 L/min,每次历时60 min）和2个黑土区典型坡度（5°和10°）。结果表明,汇流冲刷次数对不同粒级泥沙流失速率及比例的影响较坡度的影响明显。试验条件下,<0.25 mm泥沙流失比例最大,其次为1～2、2～5、0.5～1、0.25～0.5、>5 mm泥沙流失比例。随着汇流冲刷次数的增加,<0.25 mm泥沙的平均流失速率由1 965.7～6 698.4 g/(m2·h)显著减小为59.5～80.0 g/(m2·h),该粒级泥沙流失比例亦总体呈现减小的趋势,而1～2 mm泥沙流失比例总体呈现增加的趋势,二者作为侵蚀泥沙的主体,其变化具有明显规律性。因此,<0.25 mm和1～2 mm泥沙流失特征应作为黑土区土壤侵蚀研究的重要部分,进而指导防治措施的布设;同时,建议采用适宜的覆盖措施防治黑土坡面细小颗粒泥沙的流失。