我国生猪价值链各环节生物安全水平调查

为分析我国生猪养殖、流通和屠宰等环节的生物安全水平,提升非洲猪瘟防控工作的针对性、科学性,采用问卷调查和现场调查相结合的方式,对湖南、河南、重庆、辽宁、安徽等5个省(直辖市)15个县(市、区)的196个生猪养殖场(户)、69个生猪经纪人和19个屠宰场进行调查。结果显示:截至2019年9月,调查县(市、区)养猪场(户)数较2017年减少了50%～80%;生猪饲养模式以自繁自养为主,小规模场生物安全措施实施率较低;生猪经纪人行为复杂,如经纪对象多样、活动范围广、兼营其他相关业务、同批次收购不同养殖场(户)生猪等,仍有47.8%的经纪人称还会进圈挑选猪;73.7%的屠宰场运猪车辆没有有效执行离场清洗消毒措施。结果表明,我国生猪价值链各环节的生物安全水平仍有较大上升空间。提议继续推进规范化养殖场建设,加强生猪经纪人管理,加强生猪运输车辆的清洗消毒,促进生猪产业一体化发展。     

上海市规模化奶牛场布鲁氏菌病和牛结核病风险评估分级体系研究

为尽快实现上海崇明奶牛布鲁氏菌病和牛结核病(以下简称"两病")区域净化示范区净化目标,通过建立奶牛场"两病"输入性风险评估和内部风险评估模型,结合奶牛场"两病"流行史,构建了上海市规模化奶牛场"两病"风险评估分级体系;应用该体系将奶牛场划分为高、中、低风险场,为实施分类管理策略奠定基础。运用该体系,对上海市崇明区奶牛场每年开展1次"两病"风险评估分级。经过连续3年的风险分级与管理,崇明区奶牛场的"两病"净化效率得到极大提高,并使崇明奶牛"两病"区域净化示范区顺利通过国家验收,表明该体系符合上海市奶牛"两病"净化工作实际。     

Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

Mapping QTL of Fiber Yield and Quality Traits in F2 Populations of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines from Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense

In this study, F₂ populations from two chromosome segment substitution lines MBI7455 and MBI7358, were quantified using SSR to evaluate the parents' genotype and detect QTL related to fiber quality plus yield traits of cotton. Results show that the recurrent parent (CCRI45) hosted 96.70% and 95.60% of chromosome segment substitution in MBI7455 with 12 chromosome segments and in MBI7358 with 16 chromosome substitution segments of Gossypium barbadense, respectively. In the F₂ population, the average rate of chromosome substitution of the recurrent parent (CCRI45) was 96.44%, and the average segments of chromosome substitution of Gossypium barbadense was 13.42, with an average segments of homozygous donor chromosome value of 3.90. Analysis showed 19 fiber quality-related QTL with a phenotypic variance of between 2.52%-13.11% and seven yield traits-related QTL with a range of 2.93%-11.40% phenotypic variance, resulting in a total of 26 QTL. The CSSLs could be used to detect QTL for fiber yield and quality traits, which offer an important foundation for the cotton molecular-assisted breeding.     

陆地棉ZF-HD蛋白的全基因组分析

ZF-HD(Zinc finger-homeodomain)蛋白属于同源异型盒蛋白家族,在动植物发育过程中起重要的作用。利用生物信息学的手段,研究陆地棉标准系TM-1基因组中ZF-HD蛋白的数目、亚细胞定位、染色体分布、基序、进化关系和组织表达情况。TM-1中共有35个Gh ZHD蛋白成员,且大部分成员定位到细胞核内;分布在20条染色体和2条Scaffold上,且具有11对直系同源基因;进化树分析表明,TM-1基因组中的ZF-HD蛋白大致分为6个小组,每个小组成员间具有类似的基序类型和排列顺序;大部分Gh ZHD基因在胚珠和纤维组织中表达,还有部分基因在根、茎、花、蕾和分生区中表达,在叶和愈伤组织中表达的基因最少。     

棉花单核苷酸多态性标记研究进展

单核苷酸多态性标记已在农作物研究中得到广泛应用并取得重大进展。为了便利棉花SNP(Single nucleotide polymorphism)标记的研究和应用,介绍了利用基因芯片、简化基因组测序、重测序等在棉花中开发SNP标记的方法 ,综述了SNP标记在棉花遗传图谱构建、数量位点的定位和分子标记辅助育种、基因组测序以及系统进化等研究中的应用。并对异源四倍体棉花中SNP标记开发时,同源序列位点和部分同源序列位点上的SNP标记辨别问题进行了系统探讨,对其快捷的开发、检测方式和在数量基因定位中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Characterizing long-term forest disturbance history and its drivers in the Ning-Zhen Mountains,Jiangsu Province of eastern China using yearly Landsat observations (1987–2011)

Forest losses or gains have long been recognized as critical processes modulating the carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Timely, accurate and spatially explicit information on forest disturbance and recovery history is required for assessing the effectiveness of existing forest management. The major objectives of our research focused on testing the mapping efficacy of the vegetation change tracker (VCT) model over a forested area in China. We used a new version of VCT algorithm built upon the Landsat time series stacks (LTSS). The LTSS consisted of yearly image acquisitions to map forest disturbance history from 1987 to 2011 over the Ning-Zhen Mountains, Jiangsu Province of east China. The LTSS consisted of TM and ETM+ scenes with different projections due to distinct data sources (Beijing remote sensing ground station and the USGS EROS Center). The validation results of the disturbance year maps showed that most spatial agreement measures ranged from 70 to 86 %, comparable with the VCT accuracies reported for many places in USA. Very low accuracies were identified in 1995 (38.3 %) and 1992 (56.2 %) in the current analysis. These resulted from the insensitivity of the VCT algorithm to detect low intensity disturbances and also from the mis-registration errors of the image pairs. Major forest disturbance types existing in our study area were identified as agricultural expansion (39.8 %), urbanization (24.9 %), forest management practice (19.3 %), and mining (12.8 %). In general, there was a gradual decreasing trend in forest cover throughout this region, caused principally by China’s economic, demographic, environmental and political policies and decisions, as well as some weather events. While VCT has largely been used to assess long term changes and trends in the USA, it has great potential for assessing landscape level change elsewhere throughout the world.     

Variation of Color and Ray Pattern in Juvenile Shells in Hatchery‐produced Freshwater Triangle Pearl Mussels,Hyriopsis cumingii,in China

The variation and inheritance of juvenile shell color and pigmentation pattern in the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii, were reported in 1‐yr‐old progeny of eight families. There were three distinctive phenotypes of shell color and pigmentation patterns observed, including a greenish‐brown shell with radial rays, yellowish‐brown shell with radial rays, and yellowish‐brown shell without radial rays. There were no greenish‐brown individuals without radial rays. The shell color phenotypes showed variation with the growth in juvenile Stage I (1–3 cm in shell length), and the percentage of individuals with radial rays increased once they reached a shell length of 11 mm and then stabilized after reaching 20 mm in shell length. Shell color differentiation became more apparent at a shell length of 26 mm. Results of chi‐square tests of the segregation ratio of shell color or ray phenotypes obtained from eight families at juvenile Stage II (6–9 cm in shell length) suggested that greenish‐brown is controlled by a dominant allele (G) and yellowish‐brown‐shell phenotype is by a recessive allele (y); the ray pattern phenotype is controlled by a recessive (r) and a dominant allele (R) at a single locus. Shell color phenotypes may be a useful genetic marker for future selective breeding of triangle pearl mussels.     

“中国春”小麦不同缺体的RAPD分析

利用ＰＣＲ－９０Ａ型ＤＮＡ扩增仪，对７个中国春小麦缺体核ＤＮＡ进行了扩增。结果显示，中国春小麦缺体核ＤＮＡ的ＲＡＰＤ产物可分为二种类型：（１）所有供试材料均能扩增出的片段，代表了核ＤＮＡ在进化上的保守性。有一个引物检测到这类片段。（２）全部供试材料间存在的差异片段，这类片段是用来基因定位的主要依据。另外，建立中国春小麦缺体系统的ＲＡＰＤ指纹图谱对研究小麦的系统进化也将有重要意义