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21.
Estimation of sediment load from Himalayan basins is of considerable importance for the planning, designing, installation and operation of hydro-power projects, including management of reservoirs. In the present study, an assessment of physical and chemical load, sediment yield and erosion rate has been undertaken at eight different locations in the Sainj and Tirthan watersheds. The analysis revealed that the maximum load was transferred during the monsoon season. Moreover, the estimated average chemical erosion rate of the Sainj (83 t km− 2 yr− 1) and Tirthan (80 t km− 2 yr− 1) watersheds were higher than that of the Indian average (69 t km− 2 yr− 1) representing all the rivers. Both watersheds were eroding physically and chemically at a faster rate than that of the world global average erosion rate (185 t km− 2 yr− 1). The flattish nature of the channels in some segments of these watersheds showed a lower transport of sediments, where as the constricted segments having steep bed slopes increased the velocity of flow and the sediment transport rate. These findings have important implications for water resource management in the context of sediments mobilization, erosion, channel management, ecological functions and operation of the hydro-power projects in the Lesser Himalayan region. 相似文献
22.
Suitability of mapped sequence tagged microsatellite site markers for establishing distinctness, uniformity and stability in aromatic rice 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
R.K. Singh R.K. Sharma A.K. Singh V.P. Singh N.K. Singh S.P. Tiwari T. Mohapatra 《Euphytica》2004,135(2):135-143
At present, testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of crop varieties relies on a set of morphological characters.
These characters suffer fromthe limitations of number, interaction with the environment in which the variety grows and subjectivity
in decision-making. The potential of DNA-based markers such as sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS), for establishing
DUS merits investigation. In the present study, a set of 55 mapped STMS markers, selected from 12 linkage groups of rice genome,
was used to examine distinctness of 23 aromatic rice genotypes including the commercially important Basmati varieties. Forty-one
of these markers (74.5%) showed polymorphism between the varieties. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2–4 with an
average of 2.3. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the markers varied from 0.083 to 0.665 with an average of 0.338.
All the varieties could be differentiated from each other at a low probability (0.07×10-13) of identical match by chance. The marker-based clustering of the varieties corresponded with the known phenotypic classification,
thereby providing confidence in the distinctness established by the mapped STMS markers. The utility of these markers to study
uniformity and stability was analysed using a commercially important crossbred Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1(IET-10364)
that contributes about 40–50% of Basmati rice export from India. Genotyping of twenty individual plants, grown from the nucleus,
breeder, foundation, certified and farmer's saved seed samples using all the 55 markers revealed no variation among the plants.
These observations suggested that the set of mapped markers employed in this study could be further used for establishing
distinctness of aromatic rice varieties and for studying DUS of the important commercial variety Pusa Basmati 1.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
23.
True-to-type clonal fidelity is one of the most important pre-requisites in micropropagation of crop species. Genetic fidelity of in vitro raised 45 plants of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) derived from three different explants, viz., capitulum, leaf and shoot tips, was assessed by 32 ISSR markers, for their genetic stability. Out of 32 ISSR markers, 15 markers produced clear, distinct and scorable bands with an average of 5.47 bands per marker. The markers designed from AG motif amplified more number of bands. The markers anchored at 3′ ends produced high number of consistent bands than unanchored markers. Fifteen ISSR markers generated a total of 3773 bands, out of which 3770 were monomorphic among all the clones. The Jaccard's similarity coefficient revealed that out of 45 clones derived from different explants, 44 were grouped into a single large cluster alongwith the mother plant with a similarity coefficient value of 1.00, whereas one clone (C38) remained ungrouped. The clones derived from capitulum and shoot tip explants did not show any genetic variation, whereas, one of the leaf-derived clones exhibited some degree of variation. 相似文献
24.
Rupinder Pal Singh Puja Srivastava Achla Sharma N. S. Bains 《Journal of Crop Improvement》2017,31(2):183-191
With continuous outbreaks of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) epidemics and rapid breakdown of deployed resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in North West Plains Zone (NWPZ) in India warrant knowledge and deployment of new and durable sources of resistance to stripe rust. Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343, until recently the most widely cultivated wheat variety in India, is now highly susceptible to stripe rust (score 9 on a 1–9 scale), whereas PBW 621 (score 5.05–5.65) and HD 2967 (score 5.40–6.20) show low levels of resistance. We conducted an experiment, spanning three crop seasons (2013–2014 to 2015–2016), in which parental lines, F1 and F2 populations, F3 and F4 families from two bread wheat crosses, PBW 621/PBW 343 and HD 2967/PBW 343 were generated and evaluated for stripe rust resistance against a virulent pathotype. While the F1 revealed partial dominance, the segregation pattern for stripe rust resistance in F2 and F3 showed transgressive segregation for resistance in both crosses. Chi-square analysis indicated that resistant segregants possessed two genes, one contributed by PBW 621 or HD 2967 (depending on the cross) and the other, unexpectedly but obviously, came from the most susceptible cultivar, PBW 343. Possible genetic mechanisms for this residual resistance and implications for breeding programs are discussed. 相似文献
25.
Roop Kishore Ashish Dwivedi Raghuvir Singh R. K. Naresh Vineet Kumar Priyanka Bankoti Dinesh Kumar Sharma Nishant Yadav 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(1):49-58
Weeds caused serious problem on yield reduction of basmati rice worldwide. Losses caused by weeds varied from one country to another, depending on the presence of dominant weeds and the control methods practiced by farmers; therefore, suitable plant population and weed management practices should be adopted. Keeping these in mind, a field experiment was carried out during kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 at crop Research Centre of SVPUA&T, Meerut, India comprising 4 planting geometries, viz. 20, 30, 40, and 50 hills m?2 as main plot factor, and 5 weed management practices (Butachlor @ 1.0 kg ha?1, Butachlor @ 1.0 kg ha?1 fb (followed by) one hand weeding, Butachlor @ 1.0 kg ha?1 fb Almix @ 4 g ha?1, two hand weedings and weedy check) in a split plot design with 3 replications. Experimental results revealed that plant population of 50 hills m?2 proved superior over that of 20 hills m?2 in respect of weed density, weed dry weight, number of tillers m?2, yield attributes, grain, straw, and biological yields. The maximum grain yield (29.00 and 31.00 q ha?1) and straw yield (51.30 and 52.50 q ha?1) were recorded in 50 hills m?2 followed by 40 hills m?2 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In respect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium removal, a reverse trend was observed: the highest in 20 hills m?2 followed by 30, 40, and 50 hills m?2. As far as the weed management practices are concerned, both chemical and mechanical methods of weed control were found superior over weedy check. The lowest weed density, dry weight, and highest weed control efficiency, maximum length of panicle?1, number of panicle (m2), and 1000-grain weight and grain yield of 30.40 and 32.60 q ha?1 were recorded with two hand weedings which was at par with Butachlor @ 1.0 kg ha?1 fb one hand weeding over rest of the weed management practices. 相似文献
26.
Alteration in important quality traits and antioxidant activities in Brassica oleracea with Ogura cybrid cytoplasm
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Shyam S. Dey Reeta Bhatia Chander Parkash Saharsh Sharma Manish Dabral Vibha Mishra Ila Bhardwaj Komal Sharma Vinod Kumar Sharma Raj Kumar 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(3):400-409
In vegetable brassicas, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is the most preferred mechanism for hybrid seed production and Ogura cybrid cytoplasm is the only source used widely. Effects of the alien cybrid cytoplasm on important quality traits need to be understood for their effective use in breeding programme. In analysing 38 Ogura cybrid cytoplasm‐based cauliflower CMS lines, it was revealed that introgression of Ogura cytoplasm resulted in significant alteration in important quality traits. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma values were increased up to 5–10 times in different genotypes. Among 38 analysed CMS lines, concentration of plant pigments such as anthocyanin, total chlorophylls and ascorbic acid was reduced in 21, 17 and 32 genotypes, respectively. However, the concentration of total carotenoids and β‐carotene was elevated in most of the CMS lines and total carotenoid was increased up to 20 times in the CMS line, Ogu13‐85‐2A. The results indicate the role of nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction and mitochondrial genome in determining concentration of different quality traits. 相似文献
27.
S. Sharma M. Ritenour R. C. Ebel 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2017,92(2):120-129
Mature ‘Valencia’ fruit were treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP), and the ethylene inhibitors aminoethoxy vinyl glycine (AVG) and silver thiosulfate (STS), to assess involvement of ethylene in abscission via CMNP. Fruit detachment force (FDF) and ethylene evolution were measured over time. Accumulation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) in peel upon CMNP application was assessed and impact of application of ACC on FDF was estimated when applied 1 cm away from the abscission zone (AZ), to determine its potential as a signaling molecule in promoting fruit loosening. CMNP when applied alone reduced FDF by 50%. AVG and STS inhibited fruit loosening considerably at 500 µM and 10 mM, respectively, when applied with 2 mM CMNP. ACC accumulation in peel was highest 2 days after CMNP application, which preceded the maximum decline in FDF which occurred a day later, indicating that ACC serves as a potential signaling molecule that triggers abscission in the AZ. The results of the study support the hypothesis that abscission via CMNP application is at least partly ethylene dependent. However, the decline in FDF by ACC was less than 50% of control which suggested involvement of another pathway in abscission via CMNP in sweet orange. 相似文献
28.
29.
Changes in soil properties and yield response in relation to tillage and residue management treatments in an irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)—wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) rotation on a sandy soil (1972–1974) and on a sandy loam soil (1974–1976) were evaluated. Tillage treatments (T1 and T2) did not cause significant changes in soil properties. Incorporation of crop residues (5 t residue per ha per crop, T3) caused a substantial increase in organic C, available N, and NaHCO3 -extractable P contents in the top 15 cm of both soils. Residue management treatments (T3, T4 and T5) showed no significant effect on soil bulk density and exchangeable K. Crop yields under no-tillage (T1) and conventional tillage (control, T2) were comparable on sandy soil but on the sandy loam soil, no-tillage yielded significantly lower than conventional tillage. Compared with the control, incorporation of crop residues (T3) caused higher yields on sandy soil for groundnut and wheat by 34.1 and 47.4%, respectively, and on sandy loam by 17.1 and 7.2%, respectively. Mulching with crop residues conserved soil moisture and reduced maximum soil temperature (1.5–5.3°C in groundnut and 1.5–2.9°C in wheat) but other measured soil properties were not significantly affected. Significant yield increase due to residue mulching (T4) was observed in sandy soil but it was significantly less than when total crop residue was incorporated (T3). Increased wheat root-weight density in the top 15 cm soil with residue mulching was not reflected in grain yield. Compared with the incorporation of the total amount of crop residue (T3), incorporation of half the amount and application of the other half as mulch (T5) caused lower yields — on sandy soil for groundnut and wheat by 31.5 and 15.7%, respectively, and on sandy loam by 4.8 and 3.6%, respectively. 相似文献
30.
Naresh K. Bainsla Rahul M. Phuke Xinyao He Vikas Gupta Santosh K. Bishnoi Rajiv K. Sharma Najibeh Ataei Susanne Dreisigacker Philomin Juliana Pawan K. Singh 《Plant pathology》2020,69(6):1161-1171
Spot blotch (SB), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is a devastating disease of wheat globally, especially in South Asia and South America. Understanding the genetics of resistance to SB is important for developing breeding strategies to improve resistance. A panel of 301 genotypes from Afghanistan was phenotyped over two crop seasons using a mixture of virulent B. sorokiniana isolates and genotyped using DArTSeq to obtain genome-wide markers. Fifty genotypes (16.6%) showed disease scores less than the resistant control. Principal component analysis using the genotypic data clustered the genotypes into five different groups. Among models used for genome-wide association mapping, the multilocus mixed model, and fixed and random model circulating probability unification algorithms were most effective in identifying significant marker-trait associations (MTA). Twenty-five MTAs at p ≤ .001 were identified on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, 7A, and 7D, indicating the quantitative nature of resistance to SB. Phenotypic variation explained by these markers ranged from 2.0% to 17.7%, and genomic regions on the chromosomes 1D, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 5A, and 5B coincided with loci identified in previous studies. Three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on chromosomes 1B (SNP 1113207) and 5A (SNPs 5411867 and 998276) were significant in both crop seasons as well as in the combined analysis across seasons. Marker 5411867 is close to Vrn-A1, shown to be associated with SB in previous studies. Furthermore, among known SB resistance genes, Sb2 on chromosome 5B was predicted to be significant in this panel. 相似文献