黑龙江水稻灌浆特性及其应用研究

[目的]研究黑龙江水稻灌浆特性。[方法]建立水稻灌浆过程的数学模式,着重研究水稻灌浆与气温的关系。[结果]结果表明,该模式反映了正常条件下水稻灌浆的生物学规律。[结论]该研究结果为选择水稻品种、栽培管理及产量预报提供指导。     

基于单片机与串行通信的电子密码锁设计

 基于AT89C52单片机,在异步串行通信总线上实现分组交换通信协议的电子密码锁的软硬件设计方法,经实验室小范围内测试,可实现按键输入、校验与报警等功能。该密码锁防嗅探,外围元件少,结构简洁,可单机或联网使用。     

短角异剑水蚤胚胎发育和幼体发育的研究

研究了短角异剑水蚤Apocyclops royi的胚胎和胚后发育过程.结果表明:短角异剑水蚤在盐度为34±1,温度为(24±1)℃的情况下,胚胎发育的时间为40～45 h,无节幼体发育时间为3.5～4 d,桡足幼体的发育时间为5～6 d,从受精卵到发育为成体累计需要11～12 d.短角异剑水蚤雌体在交配后可连续挂卵,并孵化出多胎幼体而无需再次受精.无节幼体孵出3～4 h内即可摄食.     

刺鲃的生物学研究

对刺鲃的生物学进行了研究,结果表明：刺鲃的可数性状比较稳定。体长与体重的回归关系式为W=0.0279L^2.919。肠长为体长的2.3倍,食性为偏肉食的杂食性,主要摄食螺、虾、水生昆虫及其幼虫。雌鱼的性成熟年龄为3龄,绝对怀卵量为35928-46589粒/尾,分批产卵类型,卵为弱粘性卵,产卵期为5-6月份。雄鱼的性成熟年龄为2龄。     

长期免耕对东北地区玉米田土壤有机碳组分的影响

Increasing evidence has shown that conservation tillage is an effective agricultural practice to increase carbon (C) sequestration in soils. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to tillage regimes, physical fractionation techniques were employed to evaluate the effect of long-term no-tillage (NT) on soil aggregation and SOC fractions. Results showed that NT increased the concentration of total SOC by 18.1% compared with conventional tillage (CT) under a long-term maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in Northeast China. The proportion of soil large macroaggregates ( 2000 μm) was higher in NT than that in CT, while small macroaggregates (250-2000 μm) showed an opposite trend. Therefore, the total proportion of macroaggregates ( 2000 and 250-2000 μm) was not affected by tillage management. However, C concentrations of macroaggregates on a whole soil basis were higher under NT relative to CT, indicating that both the amount of aggregation and aggregate turnover affected C stabilization. Carbon concentrations of intra-aggregate particulate organic matter associated with microaggregates (iPOM m) and microaggregates occluded within macroaggregates (iPOM mM) in NT were 1.6 and 1.8 times greater than those in CT, respectively. Carbon proportions of iPOM m and iPOM mM in the total SOC increased from 5.4% and 6.3% in CT to 7.2% and 9.7% in NT, respectively. Furthermore, the difference in the microaggregate protected C (i.e., iPOM m and iPOM mM) between NT and CT could explain 45.4% of the difference in the whole SOC. The above results indicate that NT stimulates C accumulation within microaggregates which then are further acted upon in the soil to form macroaggregates. The shift of SOC within microaggregates is beneficial for long-term C sequestration in soil. We also corroborate that the microaggregate protected C is useful as a pool for assessing the impact of tillage management on SOC storage.     

酶法辅助提取柑桔皮总黄酮的工艺优化研究

为了充分利用农业废弃物柑桔皮,进一步提高柑桔皮中总黄酮的提取效率,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合设计对柑桔皮总黄酮纤维素酶法辅助提取工艺中的提取时间、提取温度、pH值和酶用量4因子的最优化组合进行了定量研究,建立并分析了各因子与黄酮得率关系的数学模型.结果表明:最佳的工艺条件为酶用量0.55%、提取时间123 min、pH值4.4、温度48℃.经试验验证,在此条件下,黄酮得率为(3.51±0.13)%,与理论计算值3.62%基本一致.说明回归模型能较好地预测柑桔皮中总黄酮的提取得率.     

Solvent-free enzymatic preparation of feruloylated monoacylglycerols optimized by response surface methodology

The ability of immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) to catalyze the direct esterification of glyceryl ferulate (FG) and oleic acid for feruloylated monoacylglycerols (FMAG) preparation in a solvent-free system was investigated. Enzyme screening and the effect of glycerol on the initial reaction rate of esterification were also investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the effects of the reaction temperature (55-65 degrees C), the enzyme load (8-14%; relative to the weight of total substrates), oleic acid/(FG + glycerol) (6:1-9:1; w/w), and the reaction time (1-2 h) on the conversion of FG and yield of FMAG. Validation of the RSM model was verified by the good agreement between the experimental and the predicted values of FG conversion and FMAG yield. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: temperature, 60 degrees C; enzyme load, 8.2%; substrate ratio, 8.65:1 (oleic acid/(FG + glycerol), w/w); and reaction time, 1.8 h. Under these conditions, the conversion of FG and yield of FMAG are 96.7 +/- 1.0% and 87.6 +/- 1.2%, respectively.     

埋土防寒区葡萄冬剪后挂枝的防风效果

为了改善葡萄传统栽培方式冬春季地表裸露导致的风蚀状况,该文研究了"爬地龙"栽培模式下,葡萄冬剪后枝条悬挂在铁丝上形成风障的防风阻沙效果。结果表明:此防护措施的透光疏透度值75.6%分布在0.48~0.68,均值0.58,确定为通风结构;分析风速与防护长度的关系,得到1 m高度处风速在途经风障时变化过程:遇风障减弱、集流加速、迅速减弱、恢复和背风侧消减;在风障中距迎风侧边缘34 m处风速达到最低值,较旷野风速值减小84.20%,防风效能达80.72%;从背风侧风障边缘到距离边缘34 m处,均属于相对有效防护距离以内,防风效能均值达40.94%;该研究中葡萄园的输沙量沿高度分布遵循幂函数,输沙量均集中在近地面。挂枝的距地表5~150 cm高度的总输沙量比对照高39.0%。该研究可为中国葡萄埋土防寒区的防风阻沙工作提供参考。     

脉宽调制间歇喷雾变量喷施系统的静态雾量分布特性

由于脉宽调制(PWM)间歇喷雾式变量喷施系统的间歇喷雾特性,其雾量分布均匀性较难控制,为此该文采用隔膜泵、比例溢流阀、高速开关电磁阀、TR80-05型空心圆锥雾喷头和工控机测控系统等构建了一套PWM间歇喷雾式变量喷施试验系统,并对其静态雾量分布特性进行了试验研究。在不同喷雾压力、不同PWM信号频率和占空比下,采用矩阵式雾量收集装置对PWM喷头的静态雾量分布进行了测试,并采用非线性回归分析法确立了喷雾压力0.3MPa、PWM信号频率2Hz、不同PWM信号占空比下的集雾单元尺度上的静态雾量分布模型。结果表明:TR80-05型空心圆锥雾喷头的静态雾量分布模型呈中心对称的圆环状,且近似符合二维双正态分布;随喷雾压力的增大,雾量沉积量增加,且雾量分布圆环区域半径增大;PWM信号占空比与雾量沉积量近似呈正比关系,而对雾量分布圆环区域半径的影响较小;PWM信号频率对静态雾量分布影响很小。     

Differences in soil organic carbon stocks and fraction distributions between rice paddies and upland cropping systems in China

Purpose

A large body of research suggests that rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping facilitates soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, while the stability of the sequestered carbon is still not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the differences in SOC stocks and fraction distributions between rice paddies and upland cropping fields and their variation in different rice cropping areas.

Materials and methods

Data from the national soil survey were analyzed to assess the differences in SOC contents between paddy and upland cropping fields at the regional scale. In addition, three pairs of rice and upland cropping systems were selected in Heilongjiang [single rice vs. single corn (Zea mays L.) cropping], Jiangsu [rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) vs. corn-wheat cropping], and Jiangxi (double rice vs. double corn cropping) provinces, representing the major cropping patterns in China. Physical fractionation techniques were used to investigate the differences in SOC stocks and distribution among different pools between rice-based cropping systems and non-rice cropping systems in China.

Results and discussion

SOC concentrations were, on average, 74.9% higher at the regional scale and 56.8% higher at the field scale in paddy than in upland cropping fields. Carbon proportion of particulate organic matter within microaggregates increased from 14.4% in upland cropping soils to 25.3% in paddy soils at the Heilongjiang site and from 12.4 to 25.5% at the Jiangxi site. Meanwhile, the free silt and clay-associated carbon was significantly greater in paddy than in upland cropping soils at the both sites. Nevertheless, SOC distribution did not markedly differ between paddy and upland cropping fields at the Jiangsu site where rice was rotated with winter wheat annually.

Conclusions

As compared to upland cropping or rice-upland crop rotation, continuous rice cropping, such as single and double rice cropping, could favor SOC stabilization by occlusion within microaggregates and adsorption to the silt and clay outside microaggregates, which may promote the long-term storage of SOC in paddies.