Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.     

杀鲑气单胞菌对大西洋鲑游泳行为和血细胞数量的影响

为探讨利用鱼类行为及血细胞数量变化预警杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)病害发生的可行性,监测了生产中感染杀鲑气单胞菌的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar L.)的游泳行为,以及杀鲑气单胞菌攻毒后大西洋鲑血细胞数量的变化。实验采用同一养殖基地和同一批次的大西洋鲑,其中现场实验鱼选自生产车间健康的和感染杀鲑气单胞菌的养殖鱼,攻毒实验中处理组实验鱼每尾背肌注射100μL、浓度为3.05×107CFU/m L的菌液,对照组注射等体积灭菌生理盐水。现场实验表明,感染杀鲑气单胞菌的大西洋鲑临界游泳速度较健康鱼低26.7%(P0.05),摆尾频率与游泳速度的线性回归方程的斜率也存在显著差异(P0.05)。攻毒实验表明,从攻毒的第4天开始,处理组大西洋鲑白细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞和粒细胞数量较对照组均发生显著变化,其中第6天的变化最为显著,白细胞总数、粒细胞数分别降低了2.8%和43.9%(P0.05),淋巴细胞数及单核细胞数分别升高了63.3%和23.9%(P0.05),且处理组4种血细胞数随时间呈现显著的线性变化(P0.05)。研究结果表明通过监测大西洋鲑游泳行为(临界游泳速度和摆尾频率)以及血细胞相关指标的变化可快速判断其健康状况,为病害的早期预警提供依据。     

新型锌制剂对虹鳟生长及免疫功能的影响

为研究纳米锌及纳米锌多糖复合体对虹鳟生长及免疫功能的影响,选取平均体质量(120.0±3.0) g的虹鳟300尾,随机分成5组,每组3个平行,每个平行20尾,按1μL/g进行尾部肌肉注射纳米锌及纳米锌多糖复合体溶液,含量分别为1000、3000 mg/kg,试验周期为10 d。试验结果显示,纳米锌及纳米锌多糖复合体可不同程度提高虹鳟特定生长率(P>0.05)。1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组虹鳟血液NBT阳性细胞数量百分比在第3 d最高,达22.3%(P<0.05);3000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组白细胞吞噬能力在第6 d最强(P<0.05)。3000 mg/kg纳米锌组虹鳟血清杀菌能力第3 d最高(19.4%),而3000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组血清杀菌能力第6 d最高,达32.43%(P<0.05)。第3 d,1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组过氧化氢酶活性、一氧化氮合成酶活性分别为26.39、43.38 U/mL (P<0.05);第6 d,超氧化物歧化酶、酸性磷酸酶活性最高,分别为29.91 U/mL、201.4 U/L(P<0.05),微量丙二醛浓度最低,为3.19 nmol/mL。试验结束后通过杀鲑气单胞菌攻毒感染,7 d内观察虹鳟累积死亡率,1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组累积死亡率仅30%。由试验结果可知,纳米锌和纳米锌多糖复合体均能对虹鳟免疫功能产生促进作用,以1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体效果最佳。     

道德教育应注重学生自觉意识的培养

在道德教育中 ,培养和发挥学生的自觉意识可以很好地激发学生接受道德规范的自觉性、主动性 ,使其内心的道德观念和外在行为选择达到和谐统一 ,自觉履行符合社会和时代要求的道德义务     

不结球白菜硝酸还原酶基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

采用离体法测定了经50 mmol.L-1的KNO3诱导不同时间后的雪克青、苏州青、矮脚黄、乌塌菜(黄心乌)4个不结球白菜品种叶片硝酸还原酶的活性。结果表明,4个品种的硝酸还原酶活性变化趋势相似,且分别在4、4、6、6 h达到最高峰。苏州青经50 mmol.L-1的KNO3诱导4 h后,提取其叶片总RNA,用RT-PCR方法获得硝酸还原酶基因cDNA的2条片段,长度为1 125 bp和438 bp,分别编码374个和135个氨基酸,命名为nr1125和nr438。nr1125在GenBank的登录号为DQ001901。     

塑料连栋温室黄瓜生长温度数学模型的研究

为提高塑料连栋温室黄瓜的栽培水平,以能量平衡理论为分析平台,将温室中的空气温度拟合于栽培环境模型中,运用MATLAB程序模拟,并以试验验证模型。结果表明,该模型物理意义明确,便于数值模拟,且模拟结果与试验吻合好。就温室内5月份空气温度模拟而言,回归直线拟合度高,R2=0．8999,绝对误差在±0．85℃之内,平均相对误差9．1％。对回归方母=ax＋b,a与b的标准误差Sa=0．0352〈a／2,Sb=0．1053〈b／2。     

柴达木盆地弃耕地盐渍状况的主分量分析

采用主分量分析（PCA）方法对柴达木盆地弃耕地盐渍化状况进行了研究，结果表明，该地属于中重度氯化物盐渍地、耕作层含盐量在0．5％－4．0％之间，盐分表聚强烈，基本无自然淋溶过程。耕作层第一、二主分量显著，累计贡献率高达95．0％左右，反映了该区土壤含盐量及盐离子分布规律，认为全盐量、Cl^-,Mg^2＋是该弃耕地盐渍环境的特征因子。     

Cu2+和Pb2+对石蚕蛾幼虫的急毒性研究

[目的]研究Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对石蚕蛾幼虫的急毒性效应和安全浓度。[方法]从广西十万大山保护区采集石蚕蛾(Stenopsyche marmorata)幼虫,采用静水生物毒性试验法进行重金属离子Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对其的急毒性试验。采用概率单位法分别计算Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对石蚕蛾幼虫的半致死浓度和安全浓度。[结果]Cu~(2+)对石蚕蛾幼虫的24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为123.651、112.975、84.536和70.509 mg/L,Pb~(2+)对石蚕蛾幼虫的24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为49.138、41.878、30.735和29.245 mg/L。Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对石蚕蛾幼虫的安全浓度分别为7.051和2.925 mg/L。[结论]研究结果可为将石蚕蛾幼虫用作水体重金属污染指示生物提供科学依据。     

Effects of bilirubin on oxygen free radicals and caspase-3 in acute lung injury rats

AIM:To investigate the mechanisms by which bilirubin inhibits acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS:30 female Wistar rats were divided into normal group, ALI group and bilirubin treatment group. ALI was induced by intravenous injection of LPS. The contents of OH^-, H₂O₂ and O₂^· in the lung as well as the expression of caspase-3 in the lungs were investigated. RESULTS:(1) The contents of OH^-, H₂O₂ and O₂^· in the lung homogenate and the expression of caspase-3 in the lungs in ALI group increased compared with those in normal group (P<0.05). (2) The contents of OH^-, H₂O₂ and O₂^· in the lung homogenate and the expression of caspase-3 in the lungs in bilirubin treatment group increased compared with those in normal group, but decreased compared with those in ALI models (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:(1) Bilirubin was shown to be able to ameliorate apoptosis in ALI rats. (2) The increase in the contents of OH^-, H₂O₂, O₂^· in ALI group indicated the development of oxidative lung injury, which was ameliorated by bilirubin. (3) Expression of caspase-3 confirmed that the model made by LPS was associated with apoptosis, which was reduced by bilirubin.     

林下养鸡对生物多样性的影响

为研究林下养鸡对生物多样性的影响,探讨林下养鸡的可持续性,以浙江临安横路乡生态鸡场为实验点,通过典型样地调查,对生态鸡场山核桃Carya cathayensis林和早园竹Phyllostachys propinqua林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数,以及土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量等进行调查研究,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明:①鸡的活动强度对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物影响显著, 鸡舍附近土壤速效磷、速效钾、水解氮和微生物总数有所增加。②林下养鸡降低了植物多样性,多样性指数与丰富度指数均表现为距离鸡舍越近多样性指数越低。③山核桃林比早园竹林的生物量和凋落物持水量高,有更好的涵养水源功能,更适合发展林下养鸡。这表明在林下养鸡,鸡的活动对样地生物多样性产生了影响。因此在林下养鸡时,通过调控鸡群密度与环境生物多样性的平衡,从而达到林下养鸡的可持续和高效益。图1表8参12