不同试剂提取紫色土溶解性有机碳含量研究

本试验选取了不同浓度的KCl、K2SO4和CaCl2试剂,以6种不同耕作方式下的紫色土为对象,研究其提取土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的浸提效果.结果表明,各试剂提取土壤DOC含量均随生育期变化,呈现先增加后减弱的趋势,在拔节期达到峰值.同一生育期下,2.00 mol·L-1 KCl和0.25 mol·L-1K2SO4提取DOC平均含量相对最高,0.05 mol·L-1 KCl和0.15 mol·L-1CaCl2提取DOC平均含量相对较低.几种试剂中0.25 mol· L-1K2SO4提取的成熟期土壤DOC量占总有机碳比例最大(2.67％),同时,0.25 mol·L-1 K2SO4测定各时期结果重复间的平均变异系数也最小(10.00％),2.00 mol·L-1 KCl次之.0.15和0.25 mol·L-K2SO4提取的成熟期DOC与土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、全磷呈显著(p＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)相关关系.因此,综合试剂提取土壤DOC的浸提率、稳定性及其与土壤性质的关系得出,0.25 mol·L-1 K2SO4为提取紫色土DOC的最佳试剂,2.00 mol·L-1 KCl和0.15 mol·L-1 K2SO4次之.     

Effect of farmyard manure application methods on the growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco

[目的]探索烟草生产中农家肥合理的施用方式,为烟草施肥提供科学依据.[方法]采用田间试验,根据不同施肥方式设条施(施肥沟宽5～8 cm,深18～20 cm)、穴施(施肥穴直径为15 cm,深18～20 cm)、双条施(施肥单沟宽5～8 cm,两沟相隔15～18 cm,深15～18 cm)和撒施(翻耕前将肥料均匀撒入)4个处理,测定烟株农艺性状及烟叶化学成分,并对原烟进行品质鉴定和评吸分级.[结果]双条施处理团棵期前大田烟株生长发育较好,株高相对较高,打顶及打顶后中部和上部叶片的单叶叶面积最大,烟叶的开片总体效果最好;双条施处理烟叶的化学成分协调性、感官质量较好,中、上等烟比例最高,为91.8％;条施处理产量与产值均为最高,分别为2383.05 kg/ha和28834.91元/ha,双条施处理次之,产量与产值分别为2292.45 kg/ha和27967.89元ha.[结论]双条施方式处理最有利于促进烟株的生长发育及提高烤后烟叶品质.     

暗管排水技术及其在苏打盐碱土改良上的应用

暗管排水技术是土壤改良中的一项重要水利工程措施,在干旱和半干旱地区应用较多。本文对暗管材料的种类、铺设暗管的手段和参考指标、排水质量的预测、以及暗管排水技术在苏打盐碱土改良上的应用进行了综述,而且对于吉林省苏打盐碱土改良来说,西部土地开发整理重大工程为暗管改碱提供了良好的条件。     

纯施有机肥对烤烟产量、产值和品质的影响

为探索纯施有机肥对河南烟区烟叶生产的影响,寻求适宜河南烟区的纯施有机肥模式,以现阶段大田常规施肥(300kg/hm2商品芝麻饼肥+无机肥料)为对照(CK),研究了不同纯施有机肥模式对烟叶生产的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,纯施有机肥处理的烤烟田间长势较好,产量变化不大,产值和均价增加,烟叶烟碱和总氮含量明显下降,总糖、钾、氯含量及糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比增加。其中,300kg/hm2纯芝麻饼肥+150kg/hm2牛油+7 500kg/hm2腐熟牛粪处理的烤烟田间长势最好,其中圆顶期株高、茎围、叶数和最大叶长、最大叶宽分别比CK增加24.84%、18.87%、29.17%、3.31%和20.42%;油分较多;产值、均价、上等烟比例最高,分别为40 885.20元/hm2、15.02元/kg、48.28%;烟叶化学成分最为协调,其中总糖、还原糖含量分别比CK增加2.1、2.43个百分点,糖碱比、氮碱比、两糖比分别比CK增加1.95、0.014、0.03个百分点;感官评吸表现最好,总分最高(35.5),香气质好,香气量足。综上所述,目前河南烟区烟叶生产中以施用300kg/hm2纯芝麻饼肥+150kg/hm2牛油+7 500kg/hm2腐熟牛粪处理的有机肥施用模式较好。     

竹叶中黄酮提取分离及抗氧化活性研究

采用体积分数95％的乙醇浸提与超声波相结合的方法提取竹叶黄酮,并通过邻苯三酚自氧化法和Fenton反应测定其抗氧化性能.结果表明,竹叶黄酮的提取率为5.30％,粗提物中黄酮的含量为13.90％.0.2mL1mg/mL竹叶黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除率为17.39％;0.7 mL 1 mg/mL竹叶黄酮对羟基自由基(·OH)的清除率为58.20％,表明竹叶黄酮有优良的抗氧化活性.     

狂犬病病毒rSRV9减毒株与亲本SRV9毒株的病毒毒力比较

通过半数荧光灶形成量(FFD50)试验、小鼠半数致死量(LD50)试验、免疫组织化学试验,对10个培养代次的狂犬病病毒SRV9亲本毒株和rSRV9减毒株的病毒滴度、毒力及其致病性等病毒生物学特性进行检测,以鉴定拯救狂犬病rSRV9减毒株与亲本SRV9毒株病毒滴度及毒力的差异性。试验结果显示,10个培养代次的狂犬病病毒rSRV9减毒株FFD50值为5.44～7.46logFFD50/0.1mL,LD50值为2.47～2.68logLD50/0.03mL;亲本SRV9毒株FFD50值为6.36～6.79logFFD50/0.1mL;LD50值为5.56～5.79logLD50/0.03mL,通过免疫组织化学试验,检测出脑内注射SRV9毒株和rSRV9减毒株死亡小鼠脑神经细胞内的狂犬病病毒。     

不同植物激素对原始小球藻生长及油脂含量的影响

研究了不同植物激素(IBA、NAA、6-BA、2,4-D、TDA)对原始小球藻(Chlorella protothecoides)的生长及脂肪酸组成的影响。使用三角瓶进行静置培养,在培养基中添加0.5 mg/L的不同植物激素,结果表明:培养基中添加不同的植物激素对原始小球藻的生长有不同的影响,以2,4-D的促进效应最为明显,最终干重为1.18 g/L,是空白对照的1.2倍;不同植物激素对粗油脂含量的影响不同,其中添加2,4-D的培养液中所收获的藻粉油脂含量最高,为藻粉干重的19.74%,比空白对照高26.21%;对粗油脂进行GC-MS分析,结果显示不同植物激素的添加对于小球藻脂肪酸成分的影响不大,但略微提升了C16和C18脂肪酸的相对含量,使之更加适合作为生物柴油的来源。结合总脂收获量的高低及脂肪酸成分的不同,本试验最终确定2,4-D为小球藻培养基最理想的植物激素类添加物。     

Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in cattle and buffaloes from Southern Peninsular India

This study describes seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in cattle and buffaloes carried out during the period 2009–2010 using the randomly collected serum samples from different parts of Southern peninsular India. The report presents the results of PPR virus (PPRV)—specific antibodies in situations where either the subclinical or inapparent or non-lethal infection was there in cattle and buffaloes. A total of 2,548 serum samples [cattle = 1,158, buffaloes = 1,001, sheep = 303 and goat = 86] were collected and screened for PPRV antibodies by using a PPR monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA kit. Analysis of 2,159 serum samples indicates an overall 4.58% prevalence of PPRV antibody in cattle and buffaloes. The presence of PPRV-specific antibodies demonstrates that cattle and buffaloes are exposed to PPR infection naturally, and the transmission mode may be direct or indirect. Further, it implies the importance of bovines as subclinical hosts for the virus besides widespread presence of the disease in sheep and goats in the country.     

Effect of supplementation of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology of broilers

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology in broilers. Four hundred days-old Ross chicks were randomly allotted to five treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). Each treatment had four replicates of 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in two phases, starter (day 0-21) and finisher (day 22-35). Dietary treatments were; basal diet without any antimicrobial (NC), basal diet added with 20 mg Avilamycin/kg of diet (PC), 10(7) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P1), 10(8) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P2), and 10(9) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P3). Overall BW gain and feed conversion ratio were better (p < 0.05) for treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC and P1, with P1 being better (p < 0.05) than NC. Overall feed intake in treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 were greater (p < 0.05) than NC. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein were greater (p < 0.05) in treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC, with P1 being intermediate and not different form NC, PC, P2 and P3. At d 21 and 35, treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 showed lower (p < 0.05) cecal Clostridium and Coliforms count in relation to NC. Moreover, cecal Clostridium (d 21) and Coliforms (d 21 and 35) count were lower (p < 0.05) in treatment PC in relation to P1; with P2 and P3 being intermediate and not different from PC. However, there was no effect of dietary treatments on cecal total anaerobic bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. count. The villus height of duodenum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than NC, with P1, P2 and P3 being intermediate. Villus height of ileum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than in treatments P1 and NC, whereas it remained comparable among treatments PC, P2 and P3. Villus height to crypt depth ratio of ileum was greater (p < 0.05) for treatment PC, P2 and P3 compared with that in P1 and NC. It is concluded that multi-microbe probiotic inclusion at 10(8) and 10(9) cfu/kg diet had beneficial effects on broilers growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients and intestinal morphology and can be used as replacement to antibiotics growth promoter in broiler nutrition.     

奶牛瘤胃亚急性酸中毒的产生原因和营养学控制方法

瘤胃亚急性酸中毒是目前困扰奶牛生产的一大难题。高精、低粗的饲粮结构会引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液 ｐＨ下降,从而引起瘤胃亚急性酸中毒。奶牛发生瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时瘤胃液细菌内毒素浓度升高。高浓度的内毒素转运至血液引发急性期反应,血浆中矿物质和代谢物水平发生改变,从而使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对高精饲粮下瘤胃中内毒素的产生和转运以及内毒素引发的急性期反应进行综述,同时,根据近年来的研究进展重点介绍一些减少内毒素产生和转运的新方法,旨在为更好地控制或减少瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时内毒素对奶牛的危害提供参考。