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111.
A cross-sectional study to show Eperythrozoon ovis infection is prevalent in Western Australian sheep farms 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A serological survey and risk factor study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Eperythrozoon ovis infection in Western Australian weaner sheep, the prevalence of farms with infected sheep, and to identify factors affecting initiation and maintenance of infection on the farm. The study was conducted on 91 farms, purposively chosen from 41 randomly selected regional shires stratified by sheep number and rainfall zones. Twenty sheep were selected systematically from a mixed-sex flock on each farm and tested for serum antibody to E ovis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information on putative risk factors was collected using an interview questionnaire. Antibody to E ovis was detected in 4.5% of sheep on 47% of the farms sampled. The prevalence of E ovis infection in sheep was estimated at the 95% confidence level to be between 3.6 and 5.5%, and the prevalence of farms with infected sheep was estimated to be between 37.5 and 56.5%. Most farms with serological evidence of infection occurred in the Great Southern agricultural region (79.5%), south-east of Perth through to Albany (latitude 32 to 34 degrees S, longitude 116 to 120 degrees E), and in the Northern region (12.8%) surrounding Geraldton (latitude 29 degrees S, longitude 114 degrees E). There were significantly more farms (P less than 0.05) with evidence of infection in the Great Southern region compared to the Central region between Geraldton and Perth, and on farms in the region south compared to north of latitude 32 degrees S. None of the putative risk factors examined in the questionnaire were associated with serological evidence of infection on the farm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
112.
W O Whitney S C Schrader 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1987,191(9):1133-1138
Dynamic intramedullary crosspinning was used in the surgical treatment of supracondylar and distal physeal fractures of the femur in 129 dogs and cats over a 5-year period; the records of the 44 dogs and 27 cats with follow-up information up to time of bony union were evaluated. The results were good or excellent in 66 of 71 animals (93%). The mean follow-up period was 22 months. Distal pin migration was the major complication (10 animals; 14%). The pin migrated before bony union in 2 animals because of instability and collapse at the fracture site. The pin migrated in 8 animals after bony union and was associated with intermittent lameness. In 5 of these, pin removal was performed and the lameness resolved. 相似文献
113.
Gary L. Darmstadt Nelson E. Balke Larry E. Schrader 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1983,19(2):172-183
Intact and viable protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from corn (Zea mays L.) seedling roots and collected for herbicide absorption studies by differential centrifugation and flotation through a Ficoll density gradient. A method was developed for terminating herbicide absorption by rapid centrifugation of protoplasts out of solutions without washing the protoplasts. Within 10 sec, atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] accumulated in protoplasts to a concentration 36% greater than the external concentration; no further absorption occurred through 30 min. However, 2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid] accumulated to twice and 16 times the external concentration at pH 6.5 and 4.5, respectively. Calculations of theoretical 2,4-D concentrations in protoplasts also predicted greater accumulation at pH 4.5 than at pH 6.5. Both atrazine and 2,4-D absorption were consistent with previous measurements of absorption by plant tissues. Thus, corn root protoplasts are feasible experimental material for studying absorption of herbicides at the cellular level. 相似文献
114.
Friederike Wolfarth Stefan Schrader Joachim Weinert 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(9):1858-1865
A field experiment was conducted to elucidate ecosystem services provided by earthworms on the repression of phytopathogenic and toxinogenic fungi. The study focussed on decomposing Fusarium culmorum-infected and deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated wheat straw remaining on the soil surface as part in conservation tillage. Mesocosms were established in the topsoil of a winter wheat field located in Northern Germany, where conservation tillage has been practised for 20 years. Besides a non-earthworm treatment, two earthworm species were inoculated in the mesocosms either separately or combined: Lumbricus terrestris (anecic, detritivorous) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (endogeic, geophagous). The earthworms were exposed either to artificially Fusarium-infected wheat straw highly contaminated with DON or to non-infected straw serving as a control. The experiment was conducted during an eight week period after harvest from mid August to mid October. For both species, the artificially Fusarium-infected and DON-contaminated wheat straw was a more attractive food source than the non-infected control. In contrast to A. caliginosa, L. terrestris incorporated infected straw faster into the soil compared to control straw. Furthermore, the reduction of Fusarium biomass and DON concentration in wheat straw was significantly higher in the presence of L. terrestris than in treatments with A. caliginosa and without earthworms. Here, no significant differences could be measured between the Fusarium biomass and DON concentration in wheat straw. A. caliginosa seems not to be relevant for the reduction of Fusarium biomass and DON concentration. We concluded that amongst earthworms, anecic detritivorous species are the drivers to compensate possible negative consequences (like crop infection) of conservation tillage. They take an important role in the control of phytopathogenic and toxinogenic fungi surviving on plant residues and in the degradation of their mycotoxins. 相似文献
115.
116.
Tomoko Hashida Ryoichi Nakatsuji Holger Budahn Otto Schrader Herbert Peterka Tatsuhito Fujimura Nakao Kubo Masashi Hirai 《Breeding Science》2013,63(2):218-226
The radish displays great morphological variation but the genetic factors underlying this variability are mostly unknown. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling radish morphological traits, we cultivated 94 F4 and F5 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the rat-tail radish and the Japanese radish cultivar ‘Harufuku’ inbred lines. Eight morphological traits (ovule and seed numbers per silique, plant shape, pubescence and root formation) were measured for investigation. We constructed a map composed of 322 markers with a total length of 673.6 cM. The linkage groups were assigned to the radish chromosomes using disomic rape-radish chromosome-addition lines. On the map, eight and 10 QTLs were identified in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The chromosome-linkage group correspondence, the sequence-specific markers and the QTLs detected here will provide useful information for further genetic studies and for selection during radish breeding programs. 相似文献
117.
To validate a laser-based method to measure thermal nociception in dairy cows (e.g., for the use in studies on stress-induced analgesia), we performed three experiments to observe the behavioral responses to a computer-controlled CO2 laser beam applied to the skin on the caudal aspect of the metatarsus. In Exp. 1, effects of power output (0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.6 W) on nociceptive responses were examined using 18 dairy cows kept and tested in tie stalls. Increasing the power output affected the latencies to respond (decreasing latencies, P < or = 0.01), types of response (less nonresponding and more kicking, P < 0.0001), and behavior during (increasing frequency of tail flicking, P = 0.003) and between single laser exposures (increasing frequency of kicking, P = 0.02). Therefore, behavioral responses to a laser stimulus seem to be a valid measure of nociception in dairy cows. Repeatability within 15 min was investigated in Exp. 2 using n = 36 dairy cows kept and tested in tie stalls and a power output of 1.8 W. The variables' latency to move the exposed leg and frequency of tail flicking during laser exposure showed the highest level of repeatability (0.50 and 0.38, respectively). However, retesting at t = 15 min led to increased responses in terms of shorter latencies to respond (P < 0.05), increased kicking (P = 0.05), and tail flicking (P = 0.02), which probably can be explained by sensitization. Effects of power output (1.0 vs. 1.8 W) and skin condition (naked vs. intact) were examined in Exp. 3 on 11 group-housed dairy cows, tested just outside their home pen. Increasing the power output and shaving off hair led to increased responses as seen by shorter latencies to respond (P < 0.0001), less nonresponding (P < 0.0001), and increased kicking (P = 0.0003), as well as reduced intra- and interindividual variability (P < or = 0.04). In conclusion, the results of these experiments suggest that behavioral responses to laser stimulation are a valid and reliable measure of nociception in dairy cows, especially when applied on naked skin, both in the home environment and just outside a group pen. The fact that repeated testing in itself at t = 15 min led to increased responses means that the test will be a conservative measure of stress-induced analgesia. 相似文献
118.
Peripheral nerve injury was associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in 23 dogs and 11 cats. In most cases, peripheral nerve injury resulted from ilial fracture with craniomedial displacement of bone fragments, or from sacroiliac fracture-dislocation with cranial displacement of the ilium. Sciatic nerve injury was associated with fracture of the acetabulum in 2 dogs. A combination of sensory, voluntary motor, and reflex abnormalities were observed in the ipsilateral extremity of affected animals. Signs of severe pain were noticed in 4 of the dogs and in 1 cat. Eight of the animals died or were euthanatized for reasons not directly related to the severity of peripheral nerve injury. Of the remaining 26 animals, 21 (81%) had good or excellent limb function 16 weeks after peripheral nerve injury was sustained. Limb function was lost or self-mutilation occurred in 4 (15%) of the animals. 相似文献
119.
High-density, polysulfone rods were used to repair 4 comminuted and 4 short-oblique, mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures in 8 dogs. Bony union was achieved in 2 dogs at 10 and 12 weeks after surgery. In one dog, the femoral fracture was healing when amputation of the limb became necessary because of sciatic nerve damage secondary to an ipsilateral pelvic fracture. In a fourth dog, fracture repair resulted in nonunion, despite normal clinical function at 18 months after surgery. In the remaining 4 dogs (50%), the rods failed at 3.5, 4, 6, and 22 weeks after surgery. These fractures were then stabilized by use of other methods. Although several factors may have contributed to failure of the rods, multiple autoclaving of the thermoplastic implants may have caused embrittlement and subsequent breakage. 相似文献
120.
Abdominal Auscultation in the Detection of Experimentally Induced Gastrointestinal Sand Accumulation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Claude A. Ragle DVM Dennis M. Meagher DVM PhD Joel L. Schrader DVM Clifford M. Honnas DVM 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1989,3(1):12-14
A blind study was designed to determine if abdominal auscultation is an effective method for detecting the presence of intestinal sand. Fifteen horses divided into two groups were used in the study. There were seven horses in Group 1 and eight horses in Group 2. All horses were auscultated and determined to be free of sand sounds before initiation of Trial 1. Group 1 horses were given 4.2 g/kg body weight of sand via nasogastric tube using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a suspending agent at 9.0 ml/kg body weight. Group 2 horses were given CMC only. Horses remained in the same group through all trials. A total of five trails, each lasting 24 hours, was performed. Dosing with sand and CMC or CMC alone was repeated at the beginning of each trial. Abdominal auscultation was performed on each of the 15 horses beginning on Trial 2 by an investigator with no knowledge of the grouping of the horses. The ventral abdomen was auscultated for 5 minutes at 7 hours and 17 hours after trial initiation. When a horse was considered positive for intestinal sand by auscultation, the horse was eliminated from future trials. On Trial 2, no horses were positive; on Trial 3, one horse; on Trial 4, two horses, and on Trial 5, four horses. Sounds considered characteristic for sand in the intestinal tract were eventually identified in all Group 1 horses. No horses in Group 2 were ever identified as having sounds characteristic for intestinal sand at any point during this investigation. 相似文献