Characterization of the effect of a QTL for drought resistance in rice, qtl12.1, over a range of environments in the Philippines and eastern India

A large-effect QTL for grain yield under drought conditions (qtl12.1) was reported in a rice mapping population derived from Vandana and Way Rarem. Here, we measured the effect of qtl12.1 on grain yield and associated traits in 21 field trials: ten at IRRI in the Philippines and 11 in the target environment of eastern India. The relative effect of the QTL on grain yield increased with increasing intensity of drought stress, from having no effect under well-watered conditions to having an additive effect of more than 40% of the trial mean in the most severe stress treatments. The QTL improved grain yield in nine out of ten direct-seeded upland trials where drought stress was severe or moderate, but no effect was measured under well-watered aerobic conditions or under transplanted lowland conditions. These trials confirm that qtl12.1 has a large and consistent effect on grain yield under upland drought stress conditions, in a wide range of environments.     

Geographic patterns of genetic diversity and fertility restoration ability of Asian and African origin pearl millet populations

A set of 45 diverse Asian and African origin/bred populations of pearl millet were investigated multi-locationally for morphological traits including grain yield and assessed for their fertility restoration ability on three cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS) systems in two contrasting seasons. Significant genetic variation was found for all the yield linked traits. Multivariate analysis for grain yield and its component traits grouped these populations into five clusters. Most of the Asian origin populations grouped into single cluster(Cluster III) and separated from the rest of the African origin populations indicating the presence of correspondence between clustering pattern and geographical origin of the populations. Clusters dominated with Asian populations(As-As) had linkages with early flowering, short plant height, more number of tillers, small and thin panicles, small seeded and low grain yield compared to the clusters dominated by African populations(Af-Af) or African origin and Asian bred(Af-As) populations.Genetically related populations having common parentage were found grouped in same clusters.Fertility restoration/maintainer frequency of 45 populations on three diverse CMS systems revealed that overall fertility restoration frequency was highest for A1(86%) followed by A4(37%) and for A5(7%) CMS system. Five populations were identified as potential sources for developing maintainer lines for all three CMS systems and eight populations were identified specifically for A;and A;CMS systems. A set of 11 and four populations were identified for restorer line development exclusively for A;and A;CMS system,respectively. Six populations were identified for the development of dual restorers for both A;and A;CMS system.     

Assessment of nitrogen losses to the environment with a Nitrogen Trading Tool (NTT)

Nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture often contribute to reduced air, groundwater, and surface water quality. The minimization of these N losses is desirable from an environmental standpoint, and a recent interest in discounted reductions of agricultural N losses that might apply to a project downstream from an agricultural area has resulted in the concept of N credits and associated N trading. To help quantify management-induced reductions in N losses at the farm field level (essential components of a Nitrogen Trading Tool), we defined a Nitrogen Trading Tool difference in reactive N losses (NTT-DNL_reac) as the comparison between a baseline and new management scenarios. We used a newly released Windows XP version of the Nitrogen Losses and Environmental Assessment Package (NLEAP) simulation model with Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities (NLEAP-GIS) to assess no-till systems from a humid North Atlantic US site, manure management from a Midwestern US site, and irrigated cropland from an arid Western US site. The new NTT-DNL_reac can be used to identify the best scenario that shows the greatest potential to maximize field-level savings in reactive N for environmental conservation and potential N credits to trade. A positive NTT-DNL_reac means that the new N management practice increases the savings in reactive N with potential to trade these savings as N credits. A negative number means that there is no savings in reactive N and no N available to trade. The new NLEAP-GIS can be used to quickly identify the best scenario that shows the greatest potential to maximize field-level savings in reactive N for environmental conservation and earning N credits for trade.     

Evolving strategies for crop planning and operation of irrigation reservoir system using multi-objective differential evolution

In this paper multi-objective differential evolution (MODE) approach is proposed for the simultaneous evolution of optimal cropping pattern and operation policies for a multi-crop irrigation reservoir system. In general, farming community wants to maximize total net benefits by irrigating high economic value crops over larger area, which may also include water-intensive crops and longer duration crops. This poses a serious problem under water-scarce conditions and often results in crop failure. Under varying hydrological conditions, the fixed cropping pattern with conventional operating rule curve policies may not yield economically good results. To provide flexible policies, a nonlinear multi-objective optimization model is formulated. To achieve robust performance by handling interdependent relationships among the decision variables of the model, the recent MODE technique is adopted to solve the multi-objective problem. The developed model is applied for ten-daily reservoir operation to a case study in India. The model results suggest that changes in the hydrologic conditions over a season have considerable impact on the cropping pattern and net benefits from the irrigation system. Towards this purpose, the proposed MODE model can be used to evolve different strategies for irrigation planning and reservoir operation policies, and to select the best possible solution appropriate to the forecasted hydrologic condition.     

The Upland Settlement Project of Bangladesh as a Means of Reducing Land Degradation and Improving Rural Livelihoods

Because of illegal logging, increased population pressure and intensified shifting cultivation, forest coverage of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) has decreased drastically resulting in land degradation. Many development projects have been implemented to combat forest loss and land degradation and also to improve the livelihoods of the hill people. This paper reports an empirical study of the Upland Settlement Project (USP) of Bangladesh which was undertaken to prevent land degradation and enhance the standard of living of the people. Planters were found to have given up shifting cultivation and adopted soil conserving agroforestry practices, and forest coverage has been increased in the project village. Interacting with project staff members, government officials and NGOs assisted planters in diversifying livelihood strategies thereby reducing dependency on project resources. Rich planters, utilizing their own capacity, expanded their income sources successfully. Poor planters still remain wage labourers because they do not have sufficient finance and networks to invest in productive ventures. Planters’ participation in project activities and the information flow between them and project staff were found to be minimal. Suggestions are made for the continuity of project functions, which involve greater participation of planters in rubber management functions, improved information flow, resolution of land tenure and greater equality in distribution of rubber revenue.

Influence of abiotic factors on behaviour and adult emergence pattern of coconut white grub, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucopholis coneophora</Emphasis> Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Leucopholis coneophora Burmeister is a subterranean pest associated with coconut based cropping systems in south India. Feeding damage causes yellowing of fronds and yield reduction. To develop appropriate IPM strategy a basic knowledge on insect behaviour is essential. Four years studies indicated that, adult emergence of L. coneophora was commenced with summer shower in April in Kerala. Delay in summer shower delayed the emergence. After a pause in May, the emergence resumed with the setting of south west monsoon in June. The beetles did not emerge during dry spells in between the rainy days, when the soil temperature (at 10 cm depth) was ≥34.5 °C. Emergence of the beetles started at an illuminance of 124.37?±?75.5 l in evening and remained active till 2?±?0.4 l with a maximum swarming at 32.6?±?15.1 l. Female emergence and mating occurred at 12.04?±?8.1 l. Female based sex pheromone mediated communication is evident. Strong competition among the males for mating with emerging female, which was evident by a wider operational sex ratio in the initial period (1:10.11) that narrowed down to 1:4.33 in later days. The beetles neither congregate on any host plant nor exhibit phototaxis. Number of beetles entrapped in light traps varied from 1.5–16.5% and hand picking is highly significant over light trapping. Hence hand picking of beetles daily in the evening for 2 weeks commencing from the onset of south west monsoon in Kerala, in Indian subcontinent is suggested as a tool in IPM.     

The genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteovirus</Emphasis> from infection to disease

Luteoviruses are economically important plant viruses. Specifically, barley yellow dwarf virus is epiphytotic to almost all small-grain cereal growing areas. The disease cycle is complex. This luteovirus has evolved several intelligent mechanisms to communicate with both plant and phloem-feeding insect-vector aphid. Environmental cues influence disease severity, aphid infestation and viral load. Within an aphid, virus circulates persistently in a non-propagative manner and is transmitted selectively to the host plants. Selection of viruses within aphids has a role in virus isolate prevalence over a specific area. In the host-plant system, the virus has to release its single sense-strand RNA genome (approx. 5.6 to 6 kb), translate and subsequently replicate its genome using its own replicase and host machinery. This review summarizes our current understanding of disease epidemiology and reviews the current literature encompassing viral infectivity, economic impact and control measures.