环模制粒粉体旋转挤压成型扭矩模型构建及试验

环模制粒成型技术以其高效率、高成型率、低污染等优点广泛应用于饲料机械、生物质能源机械、化工、制药等领域,而环模制粒过程扭矩模型的缺失已成为制约制粒技术发展的瓶颈之一。该文旨在通过理论分析、数值模拟与试验研究,建立粉体旋转挤压制粒成型过程精确扭矩模型,为粉体旋转挤压制粒成型装备的节能降耗及优化设计奠定理论基础。针对各向同性粉体物料,基于微单元受力分析及广义胡克定律,建立了旋转挤压制粒成型过程中模孔不同深度位置挤压压强的计算公式;基于DPC模型及实际辊轧工艺,建立了旋转挤压成型过程有限元分析模型,进行了压紧区应力分析;基于有限元模拟分析结果,设定变形压紧区的压强分布为二次曲线,建立了变形压紧区、挤压区的压强分布模型;最后建立了粉体旋转挤压制粒成型扭矩模型。以无线扭矩测试系统及环模制粒机为试验平台进行了鸡饲料的环模挤压制粒试验,求解得到了所有模型常量。设计了9组扭矩测试试验进行模型验证,测试结果与理论计算对比表明,试验值与计算值差距较小,最大计算误差仅为2.6%,这反映出建立的模型正确有效,对指导环模制粒机结构优化与节能降耗具有重要的意义。     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林枯落物持水特性研究

为了定量评价森林枯落物的水文功能,通过野外观测和浸水法实验,调查了晋西黄土丘陵区不同人工林枯落物的蓄积量,分析了枯落物的持水能力与过程,并对枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸泡时间的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,枯落物蓄积量为6.81~56.64t/hm²,由大到小表现为:落叶松×白桦>落叶松>侧柏>油松×刺槐>油松>白桦>柠条>刺槐不同森林类型的枯落物最大持水量为10.08~100.78t/hm²,最大持水率变化范围为146.54%~203.74%,最大拦蓄量为9.41~88.65t/hm²,有效拦蓄量为7.90~73.53t/hm²枯落物浸水实验结果表明,枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈反函数关系,在浸泡最初的0.5h持水量迅速增加,随后增幅减小,在12h以后枯落物吸水基本达到了最大值,持水量趋于动态平衡。表明落叶松×白桦混交林林下枯落物是8种林地中持水性最优的,刺槐纯林枯落物持水特性最差。     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

低功耗经济型区域墒情实时监测系统

灌区墒情实时监测是现代灌区灌溉管理中的必要部分和基础工作。该文设计了一种利用微功耗处理器的墒情监测仪,仅用2节1号干电池供电,结合GPRS(general packet radio service)数据传输至网络服务器处理分析,从而实现了区域分布式的墒情监测。本系统设计装载4层土壤水分/温度传感器和1层水势传感器,根据灌溉管理需要布设在作物根区不同深度;利用微处理器和设计电路进行土壤墒情等参数的采集、存储、传输和控制,每小时采集1次数据、每日将数据发送至网络服务器。通过在灌区不同区域典型作物生育期内实际运行1 a结果表明,该系统采用干电池或锂离子电池供电,体积小而便于在田间布设,不影响农田耕作,方便经济;监测数据能够及时传送至网络服务器以进行结果处理和灌溉管理。该文同时也对系统特点进行了总结,并指出对该系统进一步改进和研发方向。     

水分胁迫对刺五加幼苗光合生理特性的影响

 通过对刺五加（Acanthopanax Senticosus）幼苗的盆栽实验,模拟4个土壤水分梯度（对照、轻度水分胁迫、中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫）下,刺五加幼苗的光合色素、光合作用以及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的变化特性。结果表明:光合色素含量随水分胁迫程度的加强呈下降的趋势,中度和重度水分胁迫组的光合色素含量较低,均显著低于对照组,而轻度水分胁迫组的光合色素含量与对照组差异不明显,且一直保持很高水平。各组的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量比值在3.02～3.65之间波动。在轻度的水分胁迫环境下,其净光合速率未受到显著影响,保持与对照组一致的较高水平,其蒸腾速率较低,比对照组下降27.25%,而水分利用效率比对照组增加26.97%。在中度水分胁迫环境下,刺五加幼苗表现出了较低的净光合速率和蒸腾速率以及较高的水分利用效率,与对照组相比,净光合速率下降29.46%,蒸腾速率下降50.67%,水分利用效率升高33.70%;重度的水分胁迫下的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均处于最低水平,但此时水分利用效率却最大,高出对照77.51%。在整个实验期,叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量随着干旱胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而持续上升。研究表明,刺五加幼苗具有一定的抗旱能力,但不适应相对干旱的土壤水分环境。研究结论为人工栽培刺五加提供了科学依据。     

音乐及饲养密度对肉杂鸡生产及屠宰性能影响初探

该文就音乐及饲养密度对笼养肉杂鸡的生产性能及屠宰性能进行了初步探讨。试验表明音乐可显著降低死淘率,提高料肉比。音乐显著提高肉杂鸡的全净膛率、腹脂率、肝脏比率(P＜0．05)。高密度情况下,音乐显著降低胸肌率和腿肌率(P＜0．05)。饲养密度仅在有音乐的情况下对胸肌率具有显著性的影响,高密度的胸肌率低于中低密度的胸肌率。     

Methods of sequential extraction of heavy metals from soils: New approaches and the mineralogical control (a review)

The analysis of published data shows that the sequential extraction of heavy metals from soils according to the schemes suggested by Tessier and by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) does not ensure the selectivity of the extraction of heavy metal compounds from certain carriers and can result in the artificial redistribution of heavy metals by fractions. A new approach is based on the assessment of the kinetics of metal extraction from certain carriers. A wide range of heavy metal compounds in soils have been identified using the method of synchrotron X-ray radiation. It is argued that the schemes of Tessier and the BCR are applicable for the determination of the contents of Pb humates, Pb and Zn carbonates, and heavy metals bound with hydroxides of Fe and Al. However, these methods are not suitable for the determination of phosphates and silicates of heavy metals.     

浅谈基于GIS的三维激光扫描仪在水土保持方案编制中应用的可行性

本文简要地介绍了三维激光扫描技术及其特点,分析了基于GIS的三维激光扫描技术应用于水土保持方案编制的可行性和突出优势,提出了在方案编制实践中应用三维激光扫描技术还存在的问题。     

大尺度散体组构分维和SOC判据研究

介绍了15组散粒体自组织临界性与粒径的非均匀性有关的真实沙堆模型,分析了实验表现出来的3种动力学行为:即准周期分布、正态分布和负幂律分布;进而研究了非均匀系数不能描述系统组构的自相似性和作为自组织临界性的判据。应用分形理论研究了沙堆组构的分形特征。研究结果表明,非均匀系数为1.53~5.0时,沙堆组构具有良好的分形特征,分维数在非均匀系数<2.85时增长较快,>2.85时增长较慢,但分维数不超过3.0。分析了沙堆组构的分形特征与自组织临界性的内在联系,指出呈现出自组织临界性的系统具有稳健的分形结构,并讨论了自组织临界性的判据。最后探讨了SOC理论在山地灾害预测预报和防治工程设计中的应用。     

Direct determination of p-nitrophenyl substituent organophosphorus nerve agents using a recombinant Pseudomonas putida JS444-modified Clark oxygen electrode

A microbial biosensor for rapid, sensitive, selective, and cost-effective determination of the total content of organophosphorus nerve agents with p-nitrophenyl substituent is reported. The biosensor consisted of genetically engineered PNP-degrader Pseudomonas putida JS444 expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on its cell surface immobilized on a dissolved oxygen electrode. Surface-expressed OPH catalyzed the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides with p-nitrophenyl substituent such as paraoxon, methyl parathion, and parathion to release p-nitrophenol that was oxidized by the enzymatic machinery of Pseudomonas putida JS444 to carbon dioxide while consuming oxygen. The oxygen consumption was measured and correlated to the concentration of organophosphates. The sensor signal and response time were optimized with 0.086 mg dry weight of cell and operating in 50 mM pH 7.5 citrate-phosphate buffer with 50 microM CoCl(2) at room temperature. When operated at optimized conditions, the biosensor measured as low as 55 ppb of paraoxon, 53 ppb of methyl parathion, and 58 ppb of parathion without interference from most phenolic compounds and other commonly used pesticides, such as atrazine, coumaphos, sutan, sevin, and diazinon. The operational life of the microbial biosensor was approximately 5 days when stored in the operating buffer at 4 degrees C.