四川丘陵区农林系统和农草系统流域的径流和土壤水分特征

A study was conducted in a hilly area of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China, to compare the streamflow and soil moisture in two upland watersheds with different land use patterns. One was an agroforestry watershed, which consisted mainly of trees with alder (Alnus cremastogyne Burkill) and cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) planted in belts or strips with a coverage of about 46%, and the other was a grassland primarily composed of lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb.), filamentary clematis (Clematis filamentosa Dunn) and common eulaliopsis (Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb) with a coverage of about 44%. Streamflow measurement with a hydrograph established at the watershed outlet showed that the average annual streamflow per 100 mm rainfall from 1983 to 1992 was 0.36 and 1.08 L s^-1 km^-2 for the agroforestry watershed and the grass watershed, respectively. This showed that the streamflow of the agroforestry watershed was reduced by 67% when compared to that of the grass watershed. The peak average monthly streamflow in the agroforestry watershed was over 5 times lower than that of the grass watershed and lagged by one month. In addition, the peak streamflow during a typical rainfall event of 38.3 mm in August 1986 was 37% lower in the agroforestry watershed than in the grass watershed. Results of the moisture contents of the soil samples from 3 slope locations (upper, middle and lower slopes) indicated that the agroforestry watershed maintained generally higher soil moisture contents than the grass watershed within 0-20 and 20-80 cm soil depths for the upper slope, especially for the period from May through July. For the other (middle and lower) slopes, soil moisture contents within 20-80 cm depth in the agroforestry watershed was generally lower than those in the grass watershed, particularly in September, revealing that water consumption by trees took place mainly below the plow layer. Therefore, agroforestry land use types might offer a complimentary model for tree-annual crop water utilization.     

基于负压抽滤的畜禽养殖污水过滤试验

降低畜禽养殖污水处理成本是促进养殖业健康发展的重要因素,介质过滤能截留污水中的悬浮性固体,是养殖污水预处理的有效途径之一。其中,以作物秸秆为滤料的自然过滤装置结构简单、能耗低,能有效去除养殖污水中的固体污染物,但仍存在易堵塞、过滤速度慢、秸秆利用率低等问题。对此,该研究提出负压抽滤方案并进行了相关试验:首先通过单因素试验确定了各试验参数的边界条件,再利用二次回归组合试验,优化了负压抽滤的运行参数,试验结果表明当滤层厚度、压实密度、过滤压差分别为10 cm、130 kg/m³、30 kPa时综合过滤效果最佳,此时总固体(total solid,TS)、挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的去除率分别为40.47%、45.07%、13.56%、11.75%;自然过滤和负压抽滤的对比试验表明,相同滤层条件负压抽滤的污水处理量是自然过滤的4倍,而用时仅占自然过滤的1/5,负压抽滤能有效提高过滤速率和秸秆利用率。最后利用厌氧发酵试...     

水稻胚乳突变体筛选与特性研究进展

本文在简要介绍胚乳的发育、组成及品质性状遗传的基础上,综述了与淀粉、蛋白质和微营养相关的系列胚乳突变及相关性状的基因定位。胚乳突变主要包括糯性、暗色、云雾状、糖质、皱缩、粉质米、低直链淀粉、高直链淀粉、低粘滞性、高抗性淀粉、低水溶性蛋白、蛋白体缺失、高赖氨酸、高铁、低植酸等方面。     

氮肥种类和用量对黄河三角洲玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

  【目的】  为解决黄河三角洲地区玉米氮肥合理施用问题,在该地区田间条件下应用根层氮素实时监控技术,结合施用不同种类氮肥,研究不同施氮量及氮肥种类对玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响,为区域玉米生产氮素管理提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  于2017—2018年在山东省黄河三角洲农业高新技术产业示范区开展为期2年的田间试验,以郑单958为供试品种,设计双因素试验,主处理为5个施氮水平,分别为不施氮 (CK)、基于根层氮素实时监控技术的优化施氮 (Opt)、优化下调施氮70% (Opt70%)、优化上调施氮30% (Opt130%)、农民传统施氮 (FNP);副处理为3个氮肥种类,分别为硫酸铵 (AS)、硝酸铵钙 (CAN) 和尿素 (UREA)。于玉米六叶期 (V6) 和吐丝期 (VT) 分别采集0—60和0—90 cm土壤样品,测定土壤硝态氮和无机氮含量。于收获期测定玉米产量、生物量、玉米植株和籽粒氮含量,计算吸氮量及氮素利用效率。  【结果】  相比FNP处理,2017和2018年应用根层氮素实时监控技术的优化施氮处理分别降低氮肥用量41%和63%,而两处理间产量无显著差异。Opt处理的生物量、籽粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量及吸氮量与Opt130%以及FNP处理无显著差异,氮肥利用率显著高于FNP,两年氮收获指数分别提高7和6个百分点,氮肥偏生产力分别提高71%和190%,氮肥回收利用率分别提高32和34个百分点。优化施氮水平下,2017年施用尿素和硝酸铵钙的玉米产量较施用硫酸铵提高15%和8%。Opt处理收获期土壤无机氮含量较FNP在两年分别降低29%和39%。  【结论】  在黄河三角洲地区,应用根层氮素实时监控技术能够在大幅度减少氮肥施用量的同时,不明显降低籽粒产量,进而提高氮肥利用率。在等氮量条件下,硝酸铵钙和尿素在节肥增产方面的效果优于硫酸铵。     

富铁水稻研究进展

本文简述了水稻品种间铁含量的差异性及其遗传控制,综述了采取提高铁绝对含量及增加其生物有效性开展富铁水稻的研究进展,包括常规育种、诱变育种、转基因技术。对富铁水稻研究中存在的问题及诱变技术在该方面的应用前景也作了探讨。     

以水稻为主的种植系统对土壤有机质状况的影响

A long-term simulation experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice-based cropping system, green manure and ground-water level on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content increased when upland soil was puddled and cropped under submerged conditions. Among all treatments, soil organic matter contents in the treatments of rice-rice-flooded fallow in winter (WF) were the highest, those in the treatments of rice-rice-astragalus (WG) came the second, and those in the treatments of rice-rice-rape (WR) were the lowest. At the same rate of green manure application, the degrees of organo-mineral complexing in soils of treatments WG and WR were higher than those of treatment WF. After 9-year rice cultivation, the state of combination of humus in heavy fraction varied with treatments. The relative content of loosely bonded humus decreased in the order of WR > WG > WF, and it correlated significantly with Se availability.     

水牛胎儿成纤维细胞转染外源基因的初步研究

研究了水牛胎儿成纤维细胞（buffalo fetal fibroblasts,BFF）转染外源基因后的细胞生物学特性。纯化含有绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）和新霉素抗性基因的线性化载体,用脂质体法转染体外培养3代的BFF细胞,应用抗生素G418筛选2周后挑取转基因抗性细胞集落扩大培养。结果发现：经过G418筛选后细胞增殖活力下降,胰蛋白酶消化法共分离获得162个转基因水牛阳性细胞集落,转移到24孔板扩大培养后,132个（85．2％）细胞集落可以存活,转移到4孔板中后仅有52个（32．1％）细胞集落能继续生长,最终能在35mm培养皿中大量培养的只有15个（〈9．3％）。抗性细胞由梭形、成簇生长变为多角形、不规则形弥漫生长,立体感减弱,细胞生长速度减慢,活力下降。染色体核型异常率增加,10个抗性细胞集落核型正常率平均为61％,显著低于对照组86．7％（P〈0．01）。研究结果为建立和优化BFF细胞转染外源基因平台奠定了工作基础。     

与栽培密度相关的水稻形态基因研究进展

水稻产量与栽培密度密切相关,在直播、抛秧和机插秧等有别于传统手插秧的新型栽培模式下,高密度栽培更加便于农业的高效生产。本文简述了水稻不同栽培密度与产量间的关系,综述了与水稻栽培密度相关的理想株型、分蘖角度控制、分蘖数控制、直立叶、卷叶及窄叶等形态基因的研究及其进展。     

增施绿肥与降低氮肥对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了增施绿肥7500kg/hm^2后减施无机N肥施用量对小麦产量、经济性状、土壤肥力和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,绿肥＋70%N处理比当地农民习惯施肥模式（FFP）增产829～1525kg/hm^2,增产率为10.7%～22.9%,且土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K和有机质含量均较高,能...     

1982—2006年黄南州NDVI年际变化及其与气候的关系

在小尺度上研究植被对气候变化的响应,辨析起关键作用的气候因子,对于区域植被恢复与生态重建具有重要指导意义.利用NASA GIMMS 1982-2006年的NDVI数据集和黄南州4个气象站的气候资料,计算了NDVI和气候的变化趋势及其相关系数,探讨了影响NDVI的主要气候因子.结果表明,尖扎县NDVI略有下降,同仁县和泽库县下降趋势显著,河南县呈增加趋势;气候向于暖化方向发展,4县平均的气温倾向率高达0.67℃/10 a,同仁县降水量略有减少,其它3县降水量快速减少,降水量倾向率平均为24.82 mm/10 8.尖扎县、同仁县NDVI与降水量和气温具有较好的相关性,与降水量呈正相关,与气温呈负相关;泽库县NDVI主要受蒸发量、冰雹期和无霜期共同作用;河南县NDVI主要与日照时数正相关.建议植被恢复时,尖扎县和同仁县应注重保湿工作;在小尺度上开展类似研究针对性更强,对生态建设的指导意义显著.