刀鲚的全人工繁殖及胚胎发育

通过对刀鲚(Coilia nasus)全人工繁殖试验和胚胎发育观察,研究了刀鲚全人工繁殖的特性和其胚胎发育的时序和特点。结果显示,对人工繁养的F1刀鲚亲鱼(2龄)进行模拟自然洄游的培育,采用注射促黄体素释放激素A2(LHRH-A2)对性腺发育良好的亲本进行催产,剂量为:雌鱼30μg/kg,雄鱼减半;在22~24℃条件下,经过18~33.5 h的效应时间,亲本自然交配产卵,催产率为91.7%;获得受精卵25.8万粒,受精率为80.6%,获得22.3万尾的初孵仔鱼,孵化率为86.4%;受精卵透明、浮性、无粘性、球形,卵径为(909.86±24.02)μm,油球大且单个;胚胎发育分为胚盘形成阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠期阶段、神经胚阶段、器官形成阶段和出膜阶段7个阶段及30个发育时期,在(23.64±0.36)℃条件下,历时28 h仔鱼出膜;初孵仔鱼全身透明,靠油球浮于水面,全长(2056.37~2074.74)μm,卵黄囊大且近椭圆形,油球呈球形,心跳90~110次/分,肌节48~50对;研究结果对刀鲚资源的保护和规模化全人工繁殖工艺流程的建立具有重要的意义。     

Response dynamics of three defense related enzymes in cotton leaves to the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) herbivory and omethoate application

In order to explore the response dynamics of the activities of defense related enzymes in cotton leaves towards the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera herbivory and omethoate application, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), lipoxygenase(LOX), and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were examined from 6 to 126 h after cotton leaves were treated 12 h of H. armigera herbivory, and then sprayed with 800 mg L–1 omethoate. The results showed that the changes in the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO that occured under the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application reflected the interactive effects of the two stresses on cotton defense. The similarity between the response dynamics of PAL, LOX, and PPO activities in cotton leaves under the interactive stress and that under H. armigera herbivory treatment alone showed that the induction of H. armigera herbivory on the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO in cotton leaves played a leading role in the interactive effects, and the effect of omethoate application played only a minor role. A joint factor analysis was performed according to a method which has been used to analyze the joint toxicity of pesticides; this analysis sought to clarify if there was a synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effect on PAL, LOX, and PPO activity in cotton leaves resulting from the interactive H. armigera herbivory and omethoate treatment. In the interactive effect on the response of PAL activity in cotton leaves, antagonistic effects of the omethoate application towards H. armigera herbivory were observed at 6 and 12 h. Synergistic effects were then observed at 18 and 30 h. Antagonistic effects were observed from 54 to 78 h and synergistic effects were finally observed at 126 h. The correlation between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application in the interactive effect on cotton defense responses of LOX activity also fluctuated from synergism to antagonism during the time course. In the interactive effect on PPO activity, only antagonism was observed between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application. In the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application on cotton defense responses, omethoate affected the defense responses of cotton to H. armigera herbivory by producing antagonistic and synergistic effects. These results will be useful to understand the relationship between host plant and herbivorous pest.     

苏子油对瘤胃体外发酵模式、脂肪酸组成及甲烷生成的影响

为探讨苏子油对瘤胃体外发酵的影响,采用人工瘤胃技术分析不同添加水平的苏子油对瘤胃发酵模式、发酵参数和瘤胃脂肪酸代谢的影响.结果表明:添加不同剂量苏子油对发酵液pH值和氨氮(NH3-N)含量无显著影响(P0.05);与对照相比较,随着苏子油添加量的增加干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率、发酵底物单位产气量显著降低(P0.05),甲烷产量呈下降趋势(P0.05);对TVFA无显著影响(P0.05),丙酸含量显著增加(P0.05),乙酸含量和乙酸丙酸比例显著降低(P0.05);C18:1、c9,t11-CLA和总的长链脂肪酸浓度均明显升高(P0.01).表明在粮中添加一定量的苏子油,可改变瘤胃发酵类型、降低甲烷产量、调节瘤胃液脂肪酸组成.     

生态有机肥在番茄和棉花种植中的应用研究

研究了生态有机肥在番茄和棉花种植中的应用效果,试验结果表明,使用生态有机肥后,两个番茄品种小区产量分别提高了7.47%和9.86%,两个棉花小区产量分别提高了14.26%和16.2%,并且番茄和棉花的生育性状都得到了改善。     

荞麦淀粉制备新工艺研究

【目的】为提高荞麦淀粉制备过程中淀粉与蛋白质、黄酮类化合物的分离效果,实现对荞麦粉中主要营养和功能物质的高效分离与综合利用。【方法】采用乙醇同步提取黄酮与碱性蛋白酶水解蛋白相结合的荞麦淀粉分离工艺对荞麦淀粉进行分离,并与水提法的分离效果进行了比较。【结果】料液比、提取温度、乙醇体积分数、提取时间为影响荞麦黄酮提取量的主要因素,在乙醇体积分数为60%、料液比为1∶20、提取温度为50℃、提取时间为3 h的条件下,荞麦黄酮提取量为0.951 mg/g,黄酮浓缩物中的黄酮和蛋白含量分别为46.99 mg/g和303.8 g/kg;水解温度、pH、加酶量和水解时间对荞麦淀粉中的残留蛋白含量均有极显著影响,碱性蛋白酶水解荞麦蛋白的适宜条件为:水解温度45℃、pH 11、碱性蛋白酶用量100 U/g、水解时间40 min,在此条件下蛋白的提取率为3.97%。【结论】乙醇同步提取黄酮与碱性蛋白酶水解蛋白相结合的荞麦淀粉分离工艺,可将荞麦粉分为淀粉、蛋白和黄酮浓缩物,所得荞麦淀粉的总淀粉含量达952.1 g/kg,纯度高。     

不同牛粪施用量对矮象草产草量、营养物质含量及干物质降解率的影响

 【目的】阐明不同牛粪施用量对矮象草产量、营养物质含量及干物质降解率的影响,旨在通过合理施用牛粪提高矮象草的营养价值、降低牛粪中氮、铁、锌和铜等物质对环境的污染。【方法】试验设置不施牛粪（0 kg鲜牛粪/10 kg土）、低量牛粪（3 kg鲜牛粪/10 kg土）和高量牛粪（6 kg鲜牛粪/10 kg土）3组处理,采用盆栽试验和肉牛瘤胃降解试验测定了在不同牛粪施用量下矮象草的产草量、营养物质含量及营养物质降解率的变化。【结果】施用低量和高量牛粪均能极显著的（P＜0.01）提高矮象草的茎和叶干物质产量,其中茎干物质产量分别比不施牛粪提高45.5%和54.5%,叶干物质产量分别提高85.7%和121.4%;施用低量和高量牛粪矮象草叶蛋白质含量和中性洗涤纤维含量也显著地（P＜0.05）高于不施牛粪,其中叶蛋白质含量分别提高13.3%和20.9%。矮象草植株中锌和铜累积能力均表现为：根＞叶＞茎。有机物在瘤胃内尼龙袋中的降解率随牛粪施用量的增加和在瘤胃内的停留时间的延长而增加。【结论】增加牛粪施用量可提高矮象草的产草量、营养物质含量及干物质在瘤胃内的降解率,从而提高矮象草的饲用价值,减少日粮中蛋白质饲料和微量元素添加剂的使用量,但牛粪的适宜施用量还有待于进一步深入研究。     

不同土地利用状况对土壤肥力的影响——以内江市白马镇为例

根据内江市白马镇5种土地利用类型,采集表层土壤样品172个,共分析测试了有机质、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量6项土壤养分指标,以了解不同土地利用状况对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,有效磷含量变化趋势为:果园>灌溉水田>疏林地>望天田>旱地;全氮:望天田>灌溉水田>疏林地>果园>旱地;水解性氮、速效钾、阳离子交换量含量变化趋势相同,均为:望天田>灌溉水田>疏林地>旱地>果园;有机质含量变化趋势为:灌溉水田>望天田>疏林地>果园>旱地。     

肾形肾状线虫的生活史及繁殖能力

为明确肾形肾状线虫(Rotylenchulus reniformis)的生活史及在植物根部的繁殖情况,以2龄幼虫接种大豆幼苗,定期取样,通过次氯酸钠-酸性品红染色方法系统观察肾形肾状线虫在寄主根内的侵染及发育,同时,以10、100、1 000和10 000条.盆-1 2龄幼虫接种大豆幼苗,80 d后统计土壤中线虫及根系统中雌虫、卵囊和单卵囊内卵的个数,数据采用SAS 9.0软件分析.结果表明:在(27±2)℃条件下,肾形肾状线虫整个生活史约为27 d;80 d后,不同接种量的土壤线虫量、单卵囊内卵的个数,线虫总量及繁殖系数均存在明显差异;根系统中雌虫和卵囊数量、土壤中线虫数量及线虫总量随着接种线虫量的增加而增加,但单卵囊内卵的个数和繁殖系数却随接种量的增加呈降低趋势,其中繁殖系数最大值为140.4,最小值为2.9,最大值约为最小值的48倍;大豆生长受到影响,植株鲜质量和干质量随接种量的增加而减少.     

水杨酸对废电池污染下玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

采用不同质量浓度水杨酸(SA)处理玉米幼苗,研究了SA对废电池溶液胁迫下玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,废电池胁迫下,SOD和POD活性比对照分别降低了47.05%和59.38%,丙二醛(MDA)含量、电导率和脯氨酸含量升高,分别较对照高17.62%、17.62%、32.58%,显示出毒害效应;25~100 mg/L的外源SA处理,能使废电池溶液胁迫下玉米幼苗SOD及POD活性升高,MDA、电导率及脯氨酸含量下降,说明在一定浓度范围内,外施SA可以缓解废电池对玉米幼苗生长所造成的胁迫,且以SA质量浓度为100 mg/L效果最佳。